Bone Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when one has too much calcium?

A

hypercalcemia

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2
Q

What are four examples of disorders that cause hypercalcemia?

A

1) hyperparathyroidism
2) increased bone resorption freeing calcium
3) increased gut absorption of calcium
4) decreased kidney excretion

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A
  • anorexia, nausea, vomiting, renal salt and water loss
  • extracellular fluid volume contraction
  • decrease in calcium excretion (causes more hypercalcemia)
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4
Q

What is the cause and effect of hyperparathyroid disease?

A
  • causes hypercalcemia and other symptoms

- could result from a tumour

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5
Q

What does hyperparathyroid do to calcium levels?

A
  • usually calcium levels suppress parathyroid hormone transcription and secretion
  • here parathyroid hormone is out of control and increases serum calcium
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6
Q

What is used to treat hyperparathyroid?

A
  • calcitonin
  • causes rapid decline of serum calcium and phosphorous by acting on bone
  • acts faster than parathyroid hormone
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7
Q

What is calcitonin’s main function?

A
  • inhibits osteoclast mediated bone resorption
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8
Q

What are two possible causes of hypocalcemia?

A
  • hypoparathyroid

- corticosteroid medications (ex. prednisone) which decrease calcium absorption

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9
Q

What is a common symptom of hypocalcemia?

A
  • muscle spasm
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10
Q

What are some symptoms of hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism)?

A
  • muscle twitching, anxiety, depression, confusion, personality changes
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11
Q

What is rickets?

A
  • occurs in children
  • bones growing, not fused
  • lack of vitamin D causes decrease in calcium and phosphate
  • results in secondary hyperthyroidism and increased bone resorption
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12
Q

What are some visual characteristics of a child with rickets?

A
  • bow legs and humpback
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13
Q

What program was implemented in Canada and US to decrease rickets?

A
  • milk fortification
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14
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A
  • occurs in adults
  • fused bone
  • mineralization of newly formed bone matrix is defective
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15
Q

What is osteomalacia caused by?

A
  • lack of vitamin D, low calcium, or low phosphate
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16
Q

There are many factors of rickets and osteomalacia including?

A

cytokines

17
Q

What is type I vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • lack of vitamin D

- due to environment or genetic defect (defective enzyme)

18
Q

What is type II vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • normal vitamin D levels but insensitive due to defect in receptor called alopecia
19
Q

What do laboratory, animal and epidemiologic evidence suggest about vitamin D and cancer?

A
  • vitamin D may be protective against some cancers
20
Q

What happens if you have excessive sun exposure?

A
  • does not result in vitamin D toxicity because the sustained heat on the skin photodegrades and nonactive products form
21
Q

What happens if you have excessive intake of vitamin D?

A
  • long-term intake above the upper limit

- increase risk of vitamin D toxicity

22
Q

What is Lytic Paget’s disease?

A
  • aka Osteitis Deformans

- rapid bone loss because of accelerated bone turnover (rate of bone resorption too high)

23
Q

What is Lytic Paget’s disease associated with?

A
  • osteoarthritis
24
Q

What is used to treat Lytic Paget’s Disease?

A

calcitonin

25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Renal Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • kidney deterioration causes vit D problem
  • phosphate retention downregulates vitamin D and can’t produce as much in kidney
  • decreases calcium and increase parathyroid hormone
26
Q

What is vitamin D normally upregulated by?

A
  • low phosphorous, low calcium, high parathyroid hormone, low vitamin D
27
Q

How does parathyroid hormone get out of control due to kidney damage?

A
  • usually vitamin D and calcium inhibit parathyroid hormone synthesis
  • in damaged kidney, high parathyroid hormone not able to activate enough vitamin D and high phosphate downregulates vitamin D as well
28
Q

What is osteroporosis?

A
  • decrease of bone mineral density
29
Q

What can be used to treat osteoporosis?

A
  • calcitonin or hormone therapy

- healthy diet and exercise

30
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A
  • bone mineral density decreases with age
  • low estrogen and high glucocorticoids
  • long-term vitamin D insufficiency because of decreased calcium absorption
31
Q

What is bone health affected by?

A
  • bone mass, bone architecture and body mechanics

- nutrition and hormones affect these

32
Q

What principle nutrients affect bone health?

A
  • calcium, protein, potassium, magnesium, zinc, vitamins
33
Q

Which hormones affect the bones?

A
  • vitamin D and parathyroid hormone

- also estrogen, testosterone, glucocorticoids and others

34
Q

What does estrogen do in relation to bone health?

A
  • acts on osteoclasts and osteoblasts to inhibit bone breakdown
  • stimulates bone formation
35
Q

What does testosterone do in relation to bone health?

A
  • stimulates muscle growth (puts stress on bone and increases formation)
  • source of estrogen (converted in fat cells)
36
Q

What contributes to bone loss?

A
  • glucocorticoid excess
37
Q

What target cells have receptors for calcitriol (vitamin D)?

A
  • intestine, kidney, bone, immune cells, breast, testicular tissue
38
Q

What cells have receptors for parathyroid hormone?

A
  • kidney cells (uptake calcium into blood)
  • bone osteoblasts and pre-osteoclasts that stimulate bone breakdown (release calcium into blood)
  • no receptors in intestine but still has effect on vitamin D there
39
Q

What cells have receptors for calcitonin?

A
  • osteoclasts