Bone Diseases Flashcards
What is it called when one has too much calcium?
hypercalcemia
What are four examples of disorders that cause hypercalcemia?
1) hyperparathyroidism
2) increased bone resorption freeing calcium
3) increased gut absorption of calcium
4) decreased kidney excretion
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia?
- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, renal salt and water loss
- extracellular fluid volume contraction
- decrease in calcium excretion (causes more hypercalcemia)
What is the cause and effect of hyperparathyroid disease?
- causes hypercalcemia and other symptoms
- could result from a tumour
What does hyperparathyroid do to calcium levels?
- usually calcium levels suppress parathyroid hormone transcription and secretion
- here parathyroid hormone is out of control and increases serum calcium
What is used to treat hyperparathyroid?
- calcitonin
- causes rapid decline of serum calcium and phosphorous by acting on bone
- acts faster than parathyroid hormone
What is calcitonin’s main function?
- inhibits osteoclast mediated bone resorption
What are two possible causes of hypocalcemia?
- hypoparathyroid
- corticosteroid medications (ex. prednisone) which decrease calcium absorption
What is a common symptom of hypocalcemia?
- muscle spasm
What are some symptoms of hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism)?
- muscle twitching, anxiety, depression, confusion, personality changes
What is rickets?
- occurs in children
- bones growing, not fused
- lack of vitamin D causes decrease in calcium and phosphate
- results in secondary hyperthyroidism and increased bone resorption
What are some visual characteristics of a child with rickets?
- bow legs and humpback
What program was implemented in Canada and US to decrease rickets?
- milk fortification
What is osteomalacia?
- occurs in adults
- fused bone
- mineralization of newly formed bone matrix is defective
What is osteomalacia caused by?
- lack of vitamin D, low calcium, or low phosphate