Bone, Cartilage, Tendons and Muscles Flashcards
What are the 4 dense connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system?
1 - Bone
2 - Cartilage
3 - Tendons
4 - Ligaments
What is the function of tendons?
To connect muscle to bone.
What are tendons composed of?
Collagen.
What is the function of ligaments?
To connect bone to bone.
What are ligaments composed of?
Collagen and elastin.
What causes double jointedness?
Longer ligaments, allowing joints to move beyond their normal range.
What does the anterior cruciate ligament link?
Where does it pass?
The femur with the tibia.
It runs crosswise inside the center of the knee joint.
Which movement does the anterior cruciate ligament stabilise?
Forward and backward motion of the leg.
How can the anterior cruciate ligament be repaired?
With a bone-tendon-bone transplant.
What is cartilage composed of?
Collagen and elastin.
Chondrocytes secrete an extracellular matrix.
How is cartilage nourished?
Since it is avascular, nutrients diffuse through the extracellular matrix.
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
1 - Hyaline
2 - Fibrocartilage
3 - Elastic
List 2 functions of hyaline cartilage.
1 - Provides a framework for bone deposition.
2 - Supplies smooth surfaces for articulation.
Where is fibrocartilage found?
In areas requiring tough support, e.g. pubic symphysis.
Where is elastic cartilage found?
What is its function?
In the walls of the auditory canals and larynx.
Present to keep the tubes open.
List 5 functions of bone.
1 - Support
2 - Protection
3 - Movement
4 - Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus).
5 - Haemopoiesis (in the bone marrow).
What are the two types of bone structure?
1 - Compact bone.
2 - Cancellous / Spongy Bone.
What are trabeculae?
Thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone
What is cancellous bone?
Bone that contains a network of trabeculae, arranged to give maximum strength at sites of weight bearing.
Where is the epiphysis?
At the end of a long bone.
Where is the metaphysis?
In between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a long bone.
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft of a long bone.
Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the epiphysis.
Mostly cancellous bone (centre).
Ring of compact bone (superficial).
Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the metaphysis.
Little medulla (centre).
Ring of cancellous bone (intermediate).
Ring of compact bone (superficial).
Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the diaphysis.
Mostly medulla (centre).
Little cancellous bone (intermediate).
Ring of compact bone (superficial).
What is the name of the membrane that lines the inner surface of bone?
How many layers are there?
Endosteum.
Single layer.
What is the name of the membrane that lines the outer surface of bone?
How many layers are there?
Periosteum.
Several layers.
What is the function of perforating / sharpey’s fibres?
To connect periosteum to bone.
What are the 3 steps of bone modelling?
1 - Embryonic mesenchyme forms a mesenchymal model.
2 - An intermediate cartilaginous (hyaline) model forms.
3 - Model replaced via endochondral ossification.
Where do primary ossification centres appear?
When are they present?
In bone shafts.
Most are present by birth.
Where do secondary ossification centres appear?
When are they present?
In the epiphyses of long bones.
Appear after birth.
Where are epiphyseal growth plates?
In the metaphyses of a long bone.
What are the 5 types of bone?
1 - Long
2 - Short
3 - Flat
4 - Irregular
5 - Sesamoid
Give 2 examples of paired long bones.
1 - Tibia and fibula.
2 - Radius and ulna.
Give 2 examples of unpaired long bones.
1 - Femur.
2 - Humerus.
Give 6 examples of short bones.
1 - All metacarpals.
2 - All metatarsals.
3 - All phalanges.
4 - Clavicles.
5 - All carpals.
6 - All tarsals
Give 3 examples of flat bones.
1 - Scapula.
2 - Ribs.
3 - Sternum.
Give 2 examples of irregular bones.
1 - Vertebrae.
2 - Components of the innominate (hip) bone.
Give 3 examples of sesamoid bones.
1 - Patella.
2 - 5 sesamoid bones in each hand.
3 - 2 sesamoid bones in each foot.
