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MJM > Bone, Cartilage, Tendons and Muscles > Flashcards

Bone, Cartilage, Tendons and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 dense connective tissues of the musculoskeletal system?

A

1 - Bone

2 - Cartilage

3 - Tendons

4 - Ligaments

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2
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

To connect muscle to bone.

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3
Q

What are tendons composed of?

A

Collagen.

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4
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

To connect bone to bone.

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5
Q

What are ligaments composed of?

A

Collagen and elastin.

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6
Q

What causes double jointedness?

A

Longer ligaments, allowing joints to move beyond their normal range.

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7
Q

What does the anterior cruciate ligament link?

Where does it pass?

A

The femur with the tibia.

It runs crosswise inside the center of the knee joint.

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8
Q

Which movement does the anterior cruciate ligament stabilise?

A

Forward and backward motion of the leg.

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9
Q

How can the anterior cruciate ligament be repaired?

A

With a bone-tendon-bone transplant.

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10
Q

What is cartilage composed of?

A

Collagen and elastin.

Chondrocytes secrete an extracellular matrix.

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11
Q

How is cartilage nourished?

A

Since it is avascular, nutrients diffuse through the extracellular matrix.

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

1 - Hyaline

2 - Fibrocartilage

3 - Elastic

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13
Q

List 2 functions of hyaline cartilage.

A

1 - Provides a framework for bone deposition.

2 - Supplies smooth surfaces for articulation.

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14
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

In areas requiring tough support, e.g. pubic symphysis.

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15
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

What is its function?

A

In the walls of the auditory canals and larynx.

Present to keep the tubes open.

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16
Q

List 5 functions of bone.

A

1 - Support

2 - Protection

3 - Movement

4 - Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus).

5 - Haemopoiesis (in the bone marrow).

17
Q

What are the two types of bone structure?

A

1 - Compact bone.

2 - Cancellous / Spongy Bone.

18
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

Thin columns and plates of bone that create a spongy structure in a cancellous bone

19
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Bone that contains a network of trabeculae, arranged to give maximum strength at sites of weight bearing.

20
Q

Where is the epiphysis?

A

At the end of a long bone.

21
Q

Where is the metaphysis?

A

In between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a long bone.

22
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft of a long bone.

23
Q

Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the epiphysis.

A

Mostly cancellous bone (centre).

Ring of compact bone (superficial).

24
Q

Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the metaphysis.

A

Little medulla (centre).

Ring of cancellous bone (intermediate).

Ring of compact bone (superficial).

25
Q

Describe the anatomical compartmentalisation of bone in the diaphysis.

A

Mostly medulla (centre).

Little cancellous bone (intermediate).

Ring of compact bone (superficial).

26
Q

What is the name of the membrane that lines the inner surface of bone?

How many layers are there?

A

Endosteum.

Single layer.

27
Q

What is the name of the membrane that lines the outer surface of bone?

How many layers are there?

A

Periosteum.

Several layers.

28
Q

What is the function of perforating / sharpey’s fibres?

A

To connect periosteum to bone.

29
Q

What are the 3 steps of bone modelling?

A

1 - Embryonic mesenchyme forms a mesenchymal model.

2 - An intermediate cartilaginous (hyaline) model forms.

3 - Model replaced via endochondral ossification.

30
Q

Where do primary ossification centres appear?

When are they present?

A

In bone shafts.

Most are present by birth.

31
Q

Where do secondary ossification centres appear?

When are they present?

A

In the epiphyses of long bones.

Appear after birth.

32
Q

Where are epiphyseal growth plates?

A

In the metaphyses of a long bone.

33
Q

What are the 5 types of bone?

A

1 - Long

2 - Short

3 - Flat

4 - Irregular

5 - Sesamoid

34
Q

Give 2 examples of paired long bones.

A

1 - Tibia and fibula.

2 - Radius and ulna.

35
Q

Give 2 examples of unpaired long bones.

A

1 - Femur.

2 - Humerus.

36
Q

Give 6 examples of short bones.

A

1 - All metacarpals.

2 - All metatarsals.

3 - All phalanges.

4 - Clavicles.

5 - All carpals.

6 - All tarsals

37
Q

Give 3 examples of flat bones.

A

1 - Scapula.

2 - Ribs.

3 - Sternum.

38
Q

Give 2 examples of irregular bones.

A

1 - Vertebrae.

2 - Components of the innominate (hip) bone.

39
Q

Give 3 examples of sesamoid bones.

A

1 - Patella.

2 - 5 sesamoid bones in each hand.

3 - 2 sesamoid bones in each foot.

MJM (3 decks)

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