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Week 137 - Monoarthritis/Gout > Bone, cartilage, and tendon revision > Flashcards

Bone, cartilage, and tendon revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A 
Haematopoesis
Movement
Stucture
Protection
Ca2+ reservoir
Energy store
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2
Q

List the types of bone shapes

A 
Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid
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3
Q

What hormones involved in day to day bone homeostasis?

A

Vit-D3

PTH

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4
Q

Why is vitamin-D3 a hormone?

A

Made in one place and acts in another

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5
Q

Which populations are mainly at risk of developing vit-D3 deficiency?

A

Populations lacking sunlight, i.e. Finish

Populations with a poor diet

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6
Q

Where is PTH synthesised?

A

Parathyroid glands

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7
Q

What is the purpose of calcium homeostasis

A

To maintain a constant plasma Ca2+ level

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8
Q

What are the two compartments of a skeleton?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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9
Q

Em

A

a

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10
Q

What are the types of cell involved in bone metabolism?

A

Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Blood vessels and nerves

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11
Q

What do tendons connect?

A

Muscle to bone

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12
Q

What do ligaments connect?

A

Bone to bone

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13
Q

What connects muscle to muscle?

A

Aponeuroses

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14
Q

How is muscular force initially transmitted to bone?

A

Via the musculotendinous junction

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15
Q

What are the two sites of muscular/tendinous attachment to bone?

A

Origin (stationary)

Insertion (moves)

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16
Q

What are the compartments of muscles and tendons called?

A

Fascicles

17
Q

Give example models of skeletal unloading

A

Atronauts

Bed rest

18
Q

Give three methods of measuring bone mineral density.

A

DEXA scan
qCT - quantitative computerised tomography
Ultrasound

19
Q

What is the GOLD standard for measuring outcomes of a trail of osteoporosis?

A

Fractures

20
Q

What is the name given to osteocyte processes occupying canals?

A

Canaliculi

21
Q

How do osteocytes respond to loading/mechanical stress?

A

Bone metabolism

22
Q

What cells are osteocytes derived from?

A

Osteoblasts

23
Q

Where do chondrocytes live?

A

In a hole called a lacuna

24
Q

What are the major components of articular cartilage?

A

Water
Type II collagen
Proteoglycans

25
Q

What is the main reason for cartilage healing poorly?

A

Avascular
Double diffusion system
Loss of stem cell population in older people
- due to wearing away

26
Q

Name the main proteoglycan?

A

Aggrecan

27
Q

What are the interventions for small to medium sized defects in articular cartilage?

A 
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Debridement
Regeneration enhancement, i.e. microfracture
Osteochondral grafting
Cell based therapies

Week 137 - Monoarthritis/Gout (4 decks)

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