Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CTO > Bone & Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone & Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Name the general functions of Cartilage

A
  • Structural support of soft tissues (ear, nose)
  • Shock absorption in joints
  • Reduces friction at joints
  • helps with growth and development of long bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hyaline Cartilage contains what kind of collagen?

A

Type II Collagen.

It is the most abundant type of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some of the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Forms an articular surface on joints allowing smooth movement and shock absorption between bones.
  2. Attaches ribs to the sternum
  3. Forms structural elements in the wall of the larynx, trachea and bronchi. Need it to keep respiratory passages open
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which internal organ would contain the most hyaline cartilage? and why

  1. Urinary Bladder
  2. Heart
  3. Lung
  4. Esophagus
A

The lung. It would prevent the collapse of airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hyaline cartilage is particularly good at resisting…

A

Compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where else would you expect to find hyaline cartilage?

A

Temporary skeleton in embryo and the epiphyseal plates of long bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of collagen is fibrocartilage made out of? and what kind of CT is it associated with

What does it resist?

A

Type I collagen; dense CT; resists compression and shearing forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where would you expect to find fibrocartilage

A
  1. Intervertebral and articular discs (provide cushioning between ends of bones)
  2. In the menisci in the knee joint
  3. Comprises the pubic symphesis, holding the sides of the pelvic bones together in the front
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which joint would have both fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage?

  1. Fingers
  2. Knee
  3. Elbow
  4. Ankle
A
  1. Knee!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of collagen are Elastic Cartilage made of? What is it’s main function? and what color?

A

Type II collagen, elastic fibers; provides flexible support and is yellow because of elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

A

In the auricle of the ear; eustachian tube; and the epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a lacuna?

A

A cavity within cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is isogenous nest?

A

An isogenous nest is a single lacuna in cartilage that contains more than one daughter cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the perichondrium? Why is it necessary?

A

Dense CT layer that is at the free edges of cartilage.

Important because it has blood wells that are source of nutrition; also the inner layer has chondrogenic cells that will become chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do chondrocytes receive their nutrition?

A

Cartilage is avascular. Nutrition comes by diffusion through the matrix from the extracellular space (including from blood vessels in the perichondrium and from synovial fluid).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do you find chondrocytes?

A

Chondrocytes (often more than one) are found in lacunae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What types of growth can cartilage undergo?

A

Both interstitial and appositional.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where would you expect to find chrondroblasts?

A

In the perichondrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What gives cartilage its basophilic color?

A

This is mostly due to sulfated proteoglycans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does appositional growth of cartilage take place? How does it happen?

A

This occurs at the perichodrium. (near the edge!)

Fibroblast-> chondrogenic cell -> chondroblast -> chondrocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the process of interstitial growth?

A

Chondrocytes replicate, producing isogenous nests. Each daughter cell lays down territorial matrix, pushing them apart. Then the process is repeated.

New cartilage is added in the middle!

22
Q

Can appositional growth and interstitial growth happen at the same time?

A

Yes!

23
Q

How does hyaline articular cartilage grow?

A

By interstitial growth. It can’t grow appositionally because it doesn’t have a perichondrium.

24
Q

How do you get osteoarthritis? What happens when you get osteoarthritis?

A

It is the breakdown and loss of cartilage on articular surfaces in joints.

Bones rub against bone; bone spurs develop

25
Q

What would you find in the extracellular matrix of hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II collagen fibers embedded in a ground substance comprised of sulfonated proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Some important constituents include: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate.

26
Q

How does fibrocartilage differ from hyaline cartilage?

A

It contains a lot of type I cartilage, along with the type II. Therefore, it appears more eosinophilic.

27
Q

How does fibrocartilage differ from dense, irregular connective tissue ?

A

Its ground substance is different (like cartilage) and it has chondrocytes in lacunae (including isogenous nests).

28
Q

What kind of fibers are there in bone?

A

Type I collagen.

29
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Bone functions in support, protection, calcium storage/homeostasis and, when bone is considered as an organ (i.e., including the marrow), in blood cell production.

30
Q

What are the two types of bone and what is the difference between them?

A

Immature (woven) and mature (lamellar) bone are the two types. The matrix in lamellar bone is laid down in layers that are much stronger, while woven bone has irregular organization of fibers and cells.

31
Q

What are the two types of mature bone?

A

Cortical (compact; dense) and trabecular (spongy; cancellous).

32
Q

Why do you have spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae of spongy bone add strength in a particular direction without adding much weight and allowing for a marrow space.

33
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

Wolff’s law states that bone will remodel to resist forces placed on it.

34
Q

What holds periosteum to the bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers hold periosteum to bone (very strong).

35
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Differentiate into osteoblasts

36
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

They produce the protein content of bone matrix (including fibers), called osteoid. They also secrete alkaline phosptase, which, in the presence of calcium, phosphate and ATP will cause precipitation (mineralization).

37
Q

Where do osteoclasts come from and what is their function?

A

Osteoclasts arise from the fusion of macrophages that come from circulating monocytes.

38
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They secrete acid (created by the action of carbonic anhydrase) and acid hydrolases that break down crystals and the protein matrix of bone. Their action is increased by the action of parathyroid hormone and they will release calcium into the blood. Osteoclasts are inhibited by the action of calcitonin.

39
Q

When do osteoblasts become osteocytes? What is the function of osteocytes?

A

They become osteocytes when they become surrounded by matrix within lacunae

Function is maintain the bone matrix. Also have cytoplasmic processes within canaliculi that serve as communication links with other cells via gap junctions

40
Q

What does spongy bone and compact bone do?

A

Spongy bone resists compression and compact bone resists bending

41
Q

What is an osteon?

A

Osteons are blood vessel/osteocyte units. They are comprised of lamellar bone organized around a Haversian canal.

42
Q

How are lacunae organized in an osteon? How are osteocytes nourished?

A

Osteocytes within the lacunae are organized circumferentially around a central blood vessel. Each osteocyte is connected to at least one closer to the blood vessel, with the innermost being directly associated with the blood vessel.

43
Q

What is the difference between circumferential lamellae and lamellae of the osteon?

A

Circumferential lamellae are layers of bone beneath the periosteum and adjacent to the endosteum that border the inner and outer aspect of the compact part of a long bone shaft.

44
Q

What is a Haversian canal?

A

A Haversian canal is a longitudianl tunnel in compact bone through which a blood vessel is coursing and feeding the osteoblasts of an osteon.

45
Q

Where would you expect to find osteons?

A

You find osteons in mature compact bone. This would make up the majority of the compact part of the bone, with some circumferential lamellae bordering the inner and outer surface of the bone. Rarely, you might find an osteon in a very large trabecular of spongy bone, but this is uncommon.

46
Q

What do Sharpey’s fibers do?

A

They are collagen fibers that anchor the periosteum tightly to the bone.

47
Q

Howships Lacunae

A

Howship’s Lacunae are the scooped out portions of the bone that are created by the action of an osteoclast.

48
Q

Haversian canal?

A

A Haversian canal is a longitudianl tunnel in compact bone through which a blood vessel is coursing and feeding the osteoblasts of an osteon.

49
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

Volkmann’s canals (perforating canals) are horizontal connections between adjacent haversian canals.

50
Q

What is territorial matrix?

A

Territorial matix is newly formed matrix around a chondrocyte. It stains intensely basophilic because of a high concentration of sulfated glycoproteins.

51
Q

What is the in territorial matrix?

A

The interterritorial matix is the less-intensely staining matrix in between lacunae of cartilage.

CTO (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions