Bone & Biomechanics 1 Flashcards
Where do bodies in the labs come from?
Bequests
What is informed consent?
People while alive make the free choice to donate their bodies.
What type of consent is required for the bodies to be used?
Dual consent from a family member and the donor
How long are bodies held for?
Approximately 18 months but if used for teaching may be longer
What are molecules made from?
Atoms
How are cells formed?
Interaction of molecules
What do cells do?
Secrete and regulate extracellular materials and fluid
What forms tissue?
Cells and extracellular fluid
What are the four types of tissue?
Epithelial, muscle, nervous and connective
Where is epithelial tissue found?
Covering exposed surfaces, lining internal passageways and forming secretory glands
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
Providing protection and sensation, controlling permeability, producing specialised secretions
What is an example of epithelial tissue?
Glands and epithelia
What are glands?
A collection of cells which secrete things
What are the two types of glands?
Endocrine and Exocrine
Exocrine glands secrete things…
through a duct
Endocrine glands secrete things…
into the blood
Where is connective tissue found?
Filling internal spaces, providing structural support and storing energy
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Proper, fluid and supporting
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Structure, transporting fluids and dissolved materials, protection, support surround and connect other tissue types, store energy, defend body from microorganisms
What are examples of connective tissue?
collagen fibres and elastic fibres
What do collagen fibres do?
Resist pull
What do elastic fibres do?
Stretch (don’t resist pull)
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Contracting to produce movement
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac, smooth and skeletal
What is then function of nervous tissue?
Conducting electrical impulses and carrying information
What is nervous tissue made of?
Neurons with large heads and axons swell as supporting glia which give structure, support and repair
What is homeostasis?
Balance of controlled variables within the body
What does homeostasis rely on?
Regulatory mechanisms which ensure controlled variables don’t move too far from the set point
What is feedback?
When the controlled variable moves too far from the set point and responses from the body attempt to move the variable back to normal.
What is feedforward?
When there is an anticipation of an event that will alter a controlled variable, you may consciously or unconsciously do something to minimise the effect
Why is the anatomical position important?
It creates clarity when talking about the person
Superior
Above
Inferior
Below
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Proximal
Towards then point of attachment of a limb
Distal
Away from the point of attachment of a limb
Anterior
The front surface
Posterior
The back surface
Deep
Further from the surface
Superficial
Closer to the surface
Where does the sagittal plane cut?
From front to back giving left and right portions
What divides the body into a mirror image?
Midsaggital/medial plane
Where does the coronal plane cut?
From left to right giving anterior and posterior sections
Where does the transverse plane cut?
Across giving superior and inferior sections
What movements occur in the saggital plane?
Back and forward movements
What movements occur in the coronal plane?
Side to side movements
What movements occur in the transverse plane?
Rotating movements
What is flexion?
Movement decreasing the angle between fleshy points of the limb
What is extension?
Movement increasing the angle between fleshy points of the limb
What is dorsiflexion?
Upward movement of the foot/toes
What is plantar flexion?
Downward movement of the foot/toes
What is abduction?
Movement at the joint moving limb away from the midline
What is adduction?
Movement at the joint moving limb towards the midline
Where is the midline of the hands?
Middle finger
What is circumduction?
Combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
What is rotation?
Around the long axis of a joint (can be medial and lateral)
What is pronation?
Palms face posterior
What is supination?
Palms face anterior
What is inversion?
Sole of foot moves towards midline
What is eversion?
Sole of foot moves away from midline
