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Bones > Bone Background Notes Flashcards > Flashcards

Bone Background Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Reduces osteoblast activity, increases Ca++ excretion in the kidneys

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2
Q

What affect does stress have on bones?

A

Stressed bones become larger, thicker, and stronger

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3
Q

What is pivot movement and where is it found?

A

Rotational movement found in the neck and with the radius/ulna

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4
Q

What do periosteal vessels do?

A

Supply blood to the superficial osteons and secondary ossification centers

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5
Q

What does yellow marrow store?

A

Fat cells

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6
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

A thick, viscous liquid that lubricates joints, circulates nutrients and waste, and absorbs shock

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7
Q

What is osteomalacia (“Rickets”)?

A

Bone softening

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8
Q

What is the medullary canal?

A

A tube within the bone where the red and yellow marrow are found

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9
Q

What are the steps of endochondrial ossification?

A

Chondrocytes increase in size, blood vessels grow into the perichondrium, blood supply to the periosteum increases, osteoblasts erode the trabeculae, centers of the epiphysis begin to calcify, epiphyses become filled with spongy bone

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10
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

The outer layer of fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs

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11
Q

What does calcitrol do?

A

Controls absorption of Calcium and Phosphorus in the digestive tract

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12
Q

What two types of ailments can affect bursae?

A

Bursitis and bunions

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13
Q

What does monaxial mean?

A

Motion occurs along one axis

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14
Q

What are the functions of skeletons?

A

Support, Storage, Blood Cell Production, Protection, Leverage

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15
Q

What is the articular cartilage?

A

A hyaline cartilage covering that covers the epiphysis

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16
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The shaft or middle part of the bone

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17
Q

How is Ca++ homeostasis maintained?

A

Through negative feedback

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18
Q

What are bursae?

A

Fluid filled pockets that reduce friction and absorb shock

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19
Q

What do metaphyseal vessels do?

A

Supply blood to the inner surface of the epiphyseal cartilage

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20
Q

What causes osteopenia?

A

Inadequate ossification

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21
Q

How do nutrients move throughout the trabeculae?

A

Through diffusion

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22
Q

What is the loosest joint in the body?

A

Shoulder joint

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23
Q

What is the matrix layer of the bone called?

A

Lamellae

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24
Q

What percent of the body’s calcium is found in bones?

A

99%

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25
Q

What role does human growth hormone play?

A

It controls protein synthesis and cell growth

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26
Q

What surrounds a diarthrosis?

A

An articular capsule

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27
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural cavity that has potential to cause a collapsed lung

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28
Q

What is an example of a syndesmosis?

A

Bones connected by a ligament like the tibia and fibula

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29
Q

What is ball and socket movement and where is it found?

A

Angular and rotational movement found in the shoulder and hip

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30
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

A fibrocartilage pad between bones of a synovial joint

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31
Q

What does red marrow produce?

A

Red and white blood cells

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32
Q

How does appositional growth occur?

A

Layers of bone are added to the outer surface while the matrix is removed at a slower rate

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33
Q

What is lumbago?

A

The lower back

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34
Q

How much of bone weight do collagen fibers account for?

A

1/3

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35
Q

What is an example of synotoses?

A

The fusion of two bones to the epiphyseal line

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36
Q

What are the two types of bone structure?

A

Compact and spongy

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37
Q

What is a synarthrosis?

A

An immovable joint

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38
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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39
Q

What vitamins help with osteoblast development and differentiation?

A

Vitamins A and C

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40
Q

What is subluxation?

A

A partial dislocation

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41
Q

What is hinge movement and where is it found?

A

Angular movement on one plane found in the elbow, knee, fingers, jaw, etc.

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42
Q

What is the role of ligaments?

A

To strengthen the joint

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43
Q

What types of injuries can occur with ligaments?

A

Sprains and tears

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44
Q

What is luxation (dislocation)?

A

An articulating surface is forced out of position, and damage occurs to the cartilage, ligaments, and joint capsule

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45
Q

What is the role of tendons?

A

Limit movement and provide mechanical support

46
Q

What is released when Ca++ decreases?

A

Parathyroid hormone

47
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that remove the bony matrix

48
Q

What vitamin is required for calcitrol to work properly?

A

Vitamin D3

49
Q

What does triaxial mean?

A

Motion occurs along three axes

50
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

The connecting bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

51
Q

What fraction of the vertebral column do vertebral discs account for?

A

1/4

52
Q

Why is electrotherapy used to repair fractures?

A

Osteoblasts are sensitive to electricity and are attracted to areas where electric currents occur

53
Q

What are the parts of the bony matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite and Collagen fibers

54
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A

A reduction in bone mass that compromises bone function

55
Q

What are osteoprogenitors?

A

Stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum

56
Q

What is saddle movement and where is it found?

A

Angular motion, including circumduction, found at the base of the thumb

57
Q

What does biaxial mean?

A

Motion occurs along two axes

58
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

Recycling and renewing of the organic and mineral components of bone

59
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

Bleeding into the thoracic cavity

60
Q

What is ossification?

A

The replacement of other tissue with bone

61
Q

What are the steps to heal a fracture?

A

Fracture hematoma seals off injured vessels, external and internal calluses build bridges between fragments, osteoblasts replace cartilage with spongy bone, remodeling turns spongy bone into compact bone

62
Q

What causes Paget’s Disease?

A

Bone deformities

63
Q

What role does thyroxine play?

A

It controls bone growth

64
Q

What is sciatica?

A

A compression of the nerves where they exit the lumbar region

65
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The spongy end part of the bone

66
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells that monitor mineral content and repair bone if needed

67
Q

What are the three types of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis

68
Q

What is lordosis?

A

A sway back, where the abdomen sticks out

69
Q

What are the two types of amphiarthroses?

A

Syndesmosis and symphysis

70
Q

What is an example of a suture?

A

The interlocking of skull bones

71
Q

What is released when Ca++ increases?

A

Calcitonin

72
Q

What are the five parts of the bone?

A

Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Medullary Canal, Articular Cartilage

73
Q

Why do heavy metals sometimes become incorporated into bone?

A

They are similar to calcium

74
Q

What are the four types of synarthroses?

A

Sutures, gomphoses, synchrodroses, synotoses

75
Q

What are the parts of the Osteon (Haversian System)?

A

Central canal, perforating canals, interstitial lamellae, circumferential lamellae

76
Q

What is an example of a symphysis?

A

Bones separated by a pad of cartilage like the vertebrae

77
Q

How many osteocytes are found in a lacunae?

A

One

78
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

The gelatinous core of the intervertebral discs

79
Q

What is gliding movement and where is it found?

A

A linear sliding movement found in the carpals and tarsals

80
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

A “honeycomb” network of struts and plates found in spongy bone

81
Q

What happens when calcium is increased by 30%?

A

Nerves and muscles become unresponsive

82
Q

What does the endosteum do?

A

Lines the marrow cavity, covers trabeculae, active in bone growth and repair

83
Q

What is hydroxyapatite made of?

A

Calcium phosphate and Calcium hydroxide

84
Q

What does the periosteum do?

A

Isolates bone from surrounding tissue, provides a route for circulation and nerves, participates in bone growth and repair

85
Q

When do bones stop growing

A

Before age 18 for females and 25 for males

86
Q

What leads to the closure of epiphyseal plates?

A

Estrogens and androgens

87
Q

What are amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly moveable joints

88
Q

What 7 ligaments stabilize the knee joint?

A

Patellar, 2 popliteal ligaments, ACL, PCL, tibial collateral, fibular collateral

89
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

A rounded back, or “widow’s hump”

90
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

An abnormal lateral curve

91
Q

What elements are required for normal bone growth?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

92
Q

What type of ossification do long bones undergo?

A

Endochondrial ossification

93
Q

What happens when calcium decreases by 50%?

A

DEATH

94
Q

What are the steps of inter membranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells cluster and secrete matrix components, blood vessels begin to grow, spongy bone forms, remodeling forms compact bone

95
Q

What are diarthroses?

A

Moveable (synovial) joints

96
Q

What is an example of synchrodroses?

A

The connection of the ribs to the sternum

97
Q

What are the four types of cells found in bone?

A

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitors, osteoclasts

98
Q

What happens when calcium is decreased by 35%?

A

Excited neurons cause convulsions

99
Q

What percent of bone is remodeled each year?

A

About 20%

100
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Bone infection

101
Q

What is an example of gomphoses?

A

The binding of teeth to their sockets

102
Q

What are the six movements of synovial joints?

A

Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball and socket

103
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that produce new bone in osteogenesis

104
Q

What are the different bone shapes?

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, sutural

105
Q

What are the two types of skeletons?

A

Exoskeletons and endoskeletons

106
Q

What do fat pads do?

A

Protect the cartilage

107
Q

What does the knee joint do?

A

Transfers weight from the femur to the tibia

108
Q

What vitamins are required for bone protein?

A

K and B12

109
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release Ca++ into the blood and increases the amount of calcitrol in order to increase calcium absorption

110
Q

What role do humane growth hormone and thyroxine share?

A

Both maintain the epiphyseal plates until puberty

111
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Passageways that connect the lacunae and carry nutrients

112
Q

How much of bone weight does hydroxyapatite account for?

A

2/3

Bones (2 decks)

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