Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology: year 3 > Bone and Mineral Health > Flashcards

Bone and Mineral Health Flashcards

1
Q

the site of new bone growth?

A

epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

function fo osteoblasts

A

build bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

function of osteoclasts

A

break down bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

as we age what happens to our bone mass?

A

after the ages of 35-60 we lose 0.5-1% of bone per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is Ca2+ necessary?

A

for muscle contraction(heart), for cell signaling, bone support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do we get Ca2+ from?

A

diet and bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens if the plasma doesn’t have enough Ca2+ in it?

A

it will absorb from bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is necessary for bone absorption?

A

Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the forms of vitamine D, what is the one usually refereed to?

A

D2 - dietary vitamin D
D3 - sunlight vitamin D

D3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what process do the kidneys aid in?

A

converting calcifediol to calcitrol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens in kidney failure?

A

we need to take calcitrol as body can’t do the conversion itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 3 means that vitamin D increases plasma Ca2+

A
  1. mobilixing from bone
  2. reabsoprtion by kidnerys (less excreted in urine)
  3. absorption from intestines (through diet and supllments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does PTH do?

A

allow for the creation of calcitriol in the kidenys

  1. mobilization from bone
  2. promotes reabsorption from the kidneys
  3. stimulates ysnthesis of calcitriol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do vitamin D and PTH interact?

A

a negative feedback loop in order to prevent too much blood in the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the role of calcitonin?

A

the opppsoite

decrease plasma calcium, decrease reabsorption in kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is osteoporposis?

A

when bone reabsorption exceed depoistion

so the osteoclasts break down bone and mobilize calcium to plasma

leading to low mineral density - and increasing fracture risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are some risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

older age, inadequate calcium intake, genetics, smoking, hormones

18
Q

what is the role of estrogen and osteoporosis?

A

estrogen is a protective factor

19
Q

what are some other diseases of bone growth and calcium metabolism?

A

Rickets

osteomalacia

Paget’s disease

hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism

20
Q

what hormones negatively effect bone growth? what’s happening?

A

Glucocorticosteroids (prednisone) - weaker bones

  • decrease calcium absorption, thus increasing PTH
  • decreased calcium absorption in kidneys
  • decreased osteoblast activity
  • increased osteoclast activity
21
Q

what hormone positively impacts bone growth? how?

A

gonadal steroids (testosterone) - stronger bones

  • decreased osteoclast activity, increasing osteoclast apoptosis, decreased osteoblast apoptosis
21
Q

What are the three kinds of calcium supplements?

A

Calcium gluconate (IV), calcium carbonate (PO), calcium citrate (PO)

22
Q

what are calcium supplements used to treat?

A

osteoporosis, hypoparathyroidism, elctrolyte imbalances

23
Q

what is the MOA of calcium supllments?

A

increase bone and minaeral density/ strenth

24
Q

what are the SE of calcium supp?

A

GI disturbances (carbonte cause more constipation then citrate), kidney stones

25
Q

what is impoartnte to know about doisng calcium supp?

A

only 500 mg of elemntal calcium can be absorbed at once (so per dose)

26
Q

what are vitamin D supps used to treat?

A

osteoporosis, hypoparathyroidism, rickets/osteomalacia

27
Q

what is a common vit D supp that requires a prescription?

A

calcitriol ( reserved for those in kidney failure)

28
Q

what is the MOA of vit D supps?

A

they increase intestinal calcium absorption

29
Q

what are the SE of vit D supps?

A

usually none can cause hypercalcemia

30
Q

What is the main drug class used to treat osteoporosis?

A

bisphosphates

31
Q

MOA of bisphosphates

A

they inhibit the mevalonate pathway whihc leads to osteoclast apoptosis

32
Q

what are typical and extreme side effects of bisphosphates?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, esophageal erosion

atypical femoral fracture, osteonecrosis of the jaw

33
Q

in femal patienst what drugs can be used for osteoporosis trement?

A

hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (estrogen + progesterone)

selective estrogen receptor partial agonist/antagonist (raloxifene)

34
Q

how does homone replacment therapy work/MOA and it’s side effects

A

MOA - increase osteoclast apoptosis and increase osteoblasts lifespan

side effects - increase risk of breat cancer, increased cardiovascular risk, breat tenderness, uterine bledding, venous thrombosis

35
Q

how does selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) therapy work/MOA and it’s side effects

A

MOA- estrogen partial agonist and antagonist

agonist in bone and CV tissue
anatagonist in mammaliary tissue and uterine tissue. thus combats cancer risk

increase sosteoclasts apoptosis and increase osteoblast activity

SE- hot flashes and venous thrombosis

36
Q

Denusomab MOA and SE

A

MOA- a monoclonal antibody that binds RANKL and inhibits osteoclasts development and reduces their function/survival

SE - musculoskeletal pain, hypocalcemia, skin rxn

37
Q

Teriparatide MOA and SE

A

PTH analog - injected once daily SC

MOA - promotes bone anabolism (forming new bone), by reducing osteoclast activity and increasing osteoblast activity

However, remember that PTH increases bone breakdown (catabolism)

so apparently intermittent exposure to PTH actually increases osteoblast activity and more then osteoclast thus one daily injection lead to bone growth

SE- hypotension, hypercalcemia, musculoskeletal pain

38
Q

What is calcitonin used to treat?

A

osteoporosis, pagets and hypercalcemia

39
Q

Calcitonin MOA and SE

A

calcitonin decreases bone reabsorption by decreasing osteoclast activity so there is less plasma Ca2+

SE- facial flushing, NVD

Pharmacology: year 3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions