Bone and joints Flashcards
What are the functions of skeleton
Support Protect Movement Haemopoiesis(red marrow) Mineral storage (calcium phosphate) Lipid storage (yellow marrow stores lipids)
What are the two main groups that the Skelton is divided into?
Axial (skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs)
Appendicular (lower and upper extremeties, pelvis and pectoral girdles)
What is the function of axial skeleton
Protection and support
What is the function of appendicular skeleton
Mobility
Different types of bone shapes?
Long (femur) Short (calcancus aka heel bone) Flat (parietal skull) Irregular Sesamoid (patella and pisiform)
What is apophysis
Growth out of bone
Definition of tuberosity
Roughened, rounded elevation
Definition of tubercle
Smaller elevation
Definition of fossa
Depression
Definition of epicondyle
Smaller prominence above a condyle
Definition of foramen
Hole/opening
Definition of fissure
Cleft/ narrow slit
When does the carpal bones begin to ossify
During first year and At intervals to the age of 12. During this period they can be seen on X-rays and it gives you an idea about age.
What are the carpal bones
From lateral to medial:
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Where can the scaphoid be felt?
In the anatomical snuffbox
What forms the wrist joint?
Scaphoid and lunate articulating with the radius
Which carpal bones are most commonly fractured
Scaphoid and lunate
Why is scaphoid fracture dangerous?
Pain and tenderness in anatomical snuffbox
proximal blood supply can be cut off leading to avascular necrosis
Can develop wrist arthritis
Why is lunate fracture dangerous
Hyper extension at wrist
Associated with some median nerve damage
Definition of joints
Articulation between 2/more bones
What are the classifications of joints?
Fibrous- joined together by fibrous connective tissue. Fixed/immovable. E.g. Syndesmosis between ulna and radius, sutures in skull and gomphosis
Cartilaginous- joined by cartilage. E.g. Primary cartilaginous joint (made of hyaline cartilage. Synchrondosis-found in development) and secondary cartilaginous joint (made of fibrocartilage. Symphysis)
Synovial-joined by synovium
What are the features of a synovial joint?
Articular capsule-synovium/synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage-hyaline cartilage
what are the different types of synovial joints?
Plane-uniaxial. Allows gliding/sliding movement. E.g. Acromioclavicular joint
Hinge-uniaxial. Allows flexion and extension only. E.g. Elbow
Saddle-biaxial. Allows abduction, adduction, circumduction. Concave and convex joint surfaces. E.g. First carpal metacarpal joint
Ball and socket- allows movement in several axes. Round head inserts into concavity. E.g. Shoulder and hip
Condyloid-biaxial. Allows flexion, extension, adduction and circumduction. E.g. Metacarpalphalangeal joints
Pivot-uniaxial. Allows rotation.round Bony process inserts into bony ligametous socket. E.g.proximal radial ulnar joint
What does the stability of joints depend on?
Shape,size and arrangement of Articular surfaces
Ligaments-prone to damage (tearing, rupture) during joint injuries
Tone of muscles around joint
What is commonly found in association with joints?
Bursae
They may become inflamed due to excessive friction between the two structures that move relative to each other
What do the sensory nerve that supplies a joint also supply?
The muscle moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
