Bone and joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of skeleton

A
Support
Protect
Movement
Haemopoiesis(red marrow)
Mineral storage (calcium phosphate)
Lipid storage (yellow marrow stores lipids)
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2
Q

What are the two main groups that the Skelton is divided into?

A

Axial (skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs)

Appendicular (lower and upper extremeties, pelvis and pectoral girdles)

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3
Q

What is the function of axial skeleton

A

Protection and support

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4
Q

What is the function of appendicular skeleton

A

Mobility

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5
Q

Different types of bone shapes?

A
Long (femur)
Short (calcancus aka heel bone)
Flat (parietal skull)
Irregular 
Sesamoid (patella and pisiform)
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6
Q

What is apophysis

A

Growth out of bone

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7
Q

Definition of tuberosity

A

Roughened, rounded elevation

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8
Q

Definition of tubercle

A

Smaller elevation

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9
Q

Definition of fossa

A

Depression

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10
Q

Definition of epicondyle

A

Smaller prominence above a condyle

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11
Q

Definition of foramen

A

Hole/opening

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12
Q

Definition of fissure

A

Cleft/ narrow slit

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13
Q

When does the carpal bones begin to ossify

A

During first year and At intervals to the age of 12. During this period they can be seen on X-rays and it gives you an idea about age.

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14
Q

What are the carpal bones

A

From lateral to medial:

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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15
Q

Where can the scaphoid be felt?

A

In the anatomical snuffbox

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16
Q

What forms the wrist joint?

A

Scaphoid and lunate articulating with the radius

17
Q

Which carpal bones are most commonly fractured

A

Scaphoid and lunate

18
Q

Why is scaphoid fracture dangerous?

A

Pain and tenderness in anatomical snuffbox
proximal blood supply can be cut off leading to avascular necrosis
Can develop wrist arthritis

19
Q

Why is lunate fracture dangerous

A

Hyper extension at wrist

Associated with some median nerve damage

20
Q

Definition of joints

A

Articulation between 2/more bones

21
Q

What are the classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous- joined together by fibrous connective tissue. Fixed/immovable. E.g. Syndesmosis between ulna and radius, sutures in skull and gomphosis

Cartilaginous- joined by cartilage. E.g. Primary cartilaginous joint (made of hyaline cartilage. Synchrondosis-found in development) and secondary cartilaginous joint (made of fibrocartilage. Symphysis)

Synovial-joined by synovium

22
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A

Articular capsule-synovium/synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage-hyaline cartilage

23
Q

what are the different types of synovial joints?

A

Plane-uniaxial. Allows gliding/sliding movement. E.g. Acromioclavicular joint
Hinge-uniaxial. Allows flexion and extension only. E.g. Elbow
Saddle-biaxial. Allows abduction, adduction, circumduction. Concave and convex joint surfaces. E.g. First carpal metacarpal joint
Ball and socket- allows movement in several axes. Round head inserts into concavity. E.g. Shoulder and hip
Condyloid-biaxial. Allows flexion, extension, adduction and circumduction. E.g. Metacarpalphalangeal joints
Pivot-uniaxial. Allows rotation.round Bony process inserts into bony ligametous socket. E.g.proximal radial ulnar joint

24
Q

What does the stability of joints depend on?

A

Shape,size and arrangement of Articular surfaces
Ligaments-prone to damage (tearing, rupture) during joint injuries
Tone of muscles around joint

25
What is commonly found in association with joints?
Bursae They may become inflamed due to excessive friction between the two structures that move relative to each other
26
What do the sensory nerve that supplies a joint also supply?
The muscle moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles