Bone and joints

Question 1

What are the functions of skeleton

Answer 1

Support
Protect
Movement
Haemopoiesis(red marrow)
Mineral storage (calcium phosphate)
Lipid storage (yellow marrow stores lipids)

Question 2

What are the two main groups that the Skelton is divided into?

Answer 2

Axial (skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs)

Appendicular (lower and upper extremeties, pelvis and pectoral girdles)

Question 3

What is the function of axial skeleton

Answer 3

Protection and support

Question 4

What is the function of appendicular skeleton

Answer 4

Mobility

Question 5

Different types of bone shapes?

Answer 5

Long (femur)
Short (calcancus aka heel bone)
Flat (parietal skull)
Irregular 
Sesamoid (patella and pisiform)

Question 6

What is apophysis

Answer 6

Growth out of bone

Question 7

Definition of tuberosity

Answer 7

Roughened, rounded elevation

Question 8

Definition of tubercle

Answer 8

Smaller elevation

Question 9

Definition of fossa

Answer 9

Depression

Question 10

Definition of epicondyle

Answer 10

Smaller prominence above a condyle

Question 11

Definition of foramen

Answer 11

Hole/opening

Question 12

Definition of fissure

Answer 12

Cleft/ narrow slit

Question 13

When does the carpal bones begin to ossify

Answer 13

During first year and At intervals to the age of 12. During this period they can be seen on X-rays and it gives you an idea about age.

Question 14

What are the carpal bones

Answer 14

From lateral to medial:

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

Question 15

Where can the scaphoid be felt?

Answer 15

In the anatomical snuffbox

Question 16

What forms the wrist joint?

Answer 16

Scaphoid and lunate articulating with the radius

Question 17

Which carpal bones are most commonly fractured

Answer 17

Scaphoid and lunate

Question 18

Why is scaphoid fracture dangerous?

Answer 18

Pain and tenderness in anatomical snuffbox
proximal blood supply can be cut off leading to avascular necrosis
Can develop wrist arthritis

Question 19

Why is lunate fracture dangerous

Answer 19

Hyper extension at wrist

Associated with some median nerve damage

Question 20

Definition of joints

Answer 20

Articulation between 2/more bones

Question 21

What are the classifications of joints?

Answer 21

Fibrous- joined together by fibrous connective tissue. Fixed/immovable. E.g. Syndesmosis between ulna and radius, sutures in skull and gomphosis

Cartilaginous- joined by cartilage. E.g. Primary cartilaginous joint (made of hyaline cartilage. Synchrondosis-found in development) and secondary cartilaginous joint (made of fibrocartilage. Symphysis)

Synovial-joined by synovium

Question 22

What are the features of a synovial joint?

Answer 22

Articular capsule-synovium/synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage-hyaline cartilage

Question 23

what are the different types of synovial joints?

Answer 23

Plane-uniaxial. Allows gliding/sliding movement. E.g. Acromioclavicular joint
Hinge-uniaxial. Allows flexion and extension only. E.g. Elbow
Saddle-biaxial. Allows abduction, adduction, circumduction. Concave and convex joint surfaces. E.g. First carpal metacarpal joint
Ball and socket- allows movement in several axes. Round head inserts into concavity. E.g. Shoulder and hip
Condyloid-biaxial. Allows flexion, extension, adduction and circumduction. E.g. Metacarpalphalangeal joints
Pivot-uniaxial. Allows rotation.round Bony process inserts into bony ligametous socket. E.g.proximal radial ulnar joint

Question 24

What does the stability of joints depend on?

Answer 24

Shape,size and arrangement of Articular surfaces
Ligaments-prone to damage (tearing, rupture) during joint injuries
Tone of muscles around joint

Question 25

What is commonly found in association with joints?

Answer 25

Bursae

They may become inflamed due to excessive friction between the two structures that move relative to each other

Question 26

What do the sensory nerve that supplies a joint also supply?

Answer 26

The muscle moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles