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Musculoskeletal > Bone and Joint Physiology > Flashcards

Bone and Joint Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 functions of bone

A
  1. Supports the body
  2. Facilitates movement
  3. Produces RBCs (haematopoeisis)
  4. Regulates calcium
  5. Protects organs
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2
Q

What conditions result from low Vitamin D

A
  1. Rickets

2. Osteomalacia

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3
Q

Where is Vitamin D converted to its active form

A
  1. Liver

2. Kidney

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4
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone produced

A

Chief cells of the parathyroid

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5
Q

What is the effect of PTH on bone

A

Causes bone resorption by osteoclasts

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6
Q

Where is Calcitonin produced

A

Parafollicular C-cells of the Thyroid

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7
Q

How does growth hormone cause bone growth

A
  1. GH stimulates the production of IGF-1 in the liver

2. IGF-1 stimulates bone growth

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8
Q

Why is magnesium essential for bone health

A

Important in hydroxyapatite crystallisation

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9
Q

What process increases bone length

A

Endochondral ossification

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10
Q

What process increases bone width

A

Subperiosteal appositional ossification

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11
Q

How is the bone matrix divided

A
  1. Organic (35%)

2. Inorganic (65%)

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12
Q

What is the main component of the inorganic matrix

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite (contains 99% of the body’s calcium and 85% of body phosphorus)

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13
Q

What is the main component of the organic matrix

A

Bone proteins - namely Type 1 collagen

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14
Q

What are the two ways in which osteoblasts lay down collagen

A
  1. Random weave (woven bone)

2. Orderly layers (lamellar bone)

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15
Q

From where are osteoprogenitor cells derived

A

Pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells

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16
Q

Where are osteoblasts derived

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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17
Q

Where are osteocytes derived

A

Osteoblasts

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18
Q

Where are osteoclasts derived

A

Haematopoietic progenitor cells

19
Q

Where are osteoclasts located

A

Sites of active bone resorption in pits called Howship’s lacunae

20
Q

What is woven bone and where is it found

A

Immature bone - seen in the fetal skeleton, growth plates and callus

21
Q

What is cortical bone

A
  • Rigid with no marrow

- Well-defined haversian canals lying parallel to the long axis

22
Q

What is cancellous bone

A
  • Lies inside the cortical layer
  • Contains marrow in spaces between trabeculae
  • No blood vessels
23
Q

What connects periosteum to the underlying bone

A

Sharpey’s fibres

24
Q

What are the two layers of periosteum

A
  1. Cambrial (inner)

2. Fibrous (outer)

25
Q

What are the 3 functions of periosteum

A
  1. Anchor - site of tendon/ligament attachment
  2. Source of Osteoprogenitor cells
  3. Nutrition
26
Q

What are the two ways in which a bone may ossify during development

A
  1. Directly - intermembranous - e.g. clavicle

2. Endochondral ossification of a hyaline cartilage template - e.g. long bones

27
Q

How may a long bone be divided

A
  1. Diaphysis (shaft) - tube of cortical bone
  2. Metaphysis - conical area of cancellous bone facilitating load transfer from the articular surface to the diaphysis
  3. Physis - growth plate
  4. Epiphysis - articular surface and consists of zone of cancellous bone
28
Q

Where are the primary and secondary ossification centres of long bones

A
  1. Primary = diaphysis

2. Secondary = epiphysis

29
Q

What are the 4 zones of the physis (growth plate)

A
  1. Resting zone
  2. Proliferative zone
  3. Hypertrophic zone
  4. Zone of provisional calcification
30
Q

Which zone of the growth plate are the chondrocytes dividing

A

Proliferative zone

31
Q

Between which zones of the growth plate do fractures typically occur

A

Between hypertrophic and calcific zones

32
Q

Define Wolff’s law

A

Trabeculae are formed in response to the loads placed on the bone

33
Q

What percentage of cardiac output is distributed to the bone

A

5-10%

34
Q

Which artery typically supplies the bone marrow and trabecular bone

A

Nutrient artery

35
Q

Describe the circulus vasculosus

A

Arterial plexus surrounding the epiphysis derived from regional arterial branches

36
Q

Describe the venous drainage of bones

A

Venous flow is from the cortical capillaries draining into sinusoids and then to the emissary venous system

37
Q

What are the 3 classes of joint based on function

A
  1. Immovable (synarthroses) e.g. skull suture
  2. Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) e.g. manubriosternal
  3. Freely movable (diarthroses)
38
Q

What are the 3 classes of joint based on structure

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
39
Q

What is a fibrous joint

A
  • Lacks a joint cavity

- Fibrous tissue unites bone

40
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joint

A
  • Sutures
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis
41
Q

What is an example of a gomphosis joint

A

Roots of teeth in alveolar socket

42
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joint

A
  1. Primary (synchondrosis) - where bone and hyaline cartilage meet e.g. between rib and costal cartilage
  2. Secondary (symphysis) - where hyaline covered articular surface of two bones are united by fibrous tissue e.g, intervertebral joints
43
Q

What type of collagen is found Hyaline cartilage

A

Mainly Type 2

Musculoskeletal (5 decks)

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