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BDS2 BAMS - Oral biology > Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

What are they two types of bone (macroscopic)

A

Cortical, compact bone

Canellous, spongy bone

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2
Q

What is cortical, compact bone like

A

dense outer plate

80-85% of skeleton

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3
Q

what is cancellous, spongy bone like

A

internal trabecular scaffolding

15-20% of skeleton

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4
Q

what is alveolar bone like

A
  • cortical bone has nutrient canals, containing blood vessels
  • cortical bone lining tooth sockets is penetrated by buncles of collagen fibres of PDL (sharpey’s fibres)
  • this bone is also called ‘bundle’ bone
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5
Q

what is the composition of bone

A

60% inorganic
- hydorxyapatite

25% organic

  • collagen (90%)
  • glycoproteins
  • Proteoglycan’s (GAGs)

15% water

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6
Q

how does the composition of bone compare to the composition of dentine

A

lower inorganic, greater water and organic compared to dentine

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7
Q

what is ECM made up of

A

“ground substance”

  • semi-fluid gel
  • long polysaccharide molecules
  • glycos-amino-glycans (GAGs) (hyaluronic acid, proteoglucans)

Fibres (reinforce ground substance)

  • collagen
  • elastin
  • other non-collagenous proteins
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8
Q

what are the two different types of bone (microscopic)

A

Woven bone

Lamellar bone

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9
Q

Features of woven bone?

A
  • rapidly laid down
  • irregular deposition of collagen
  • present in fetus
  • fracture repair (callus)
  • contains many osteocytes
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10
Q

Features of lamellar bone?

A
  • laid down more slowly
  • collagen fibres laid down in parallel
  • normal form in adult
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11
Q

What is the structure of compact bone like

A
  • laid down in concentric lamellae
  • form longitudinal columns
  • organised in Haversian systems around central (Haversian) canal
  • lateral (Volkman’s) canals
  • canals contain blood vessels
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12
Q

what do volkman’s canals link

A

two haversian canals

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13
Q

what is another name for a haversian system

A

osteon

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14
Q

Features of cancellous bone?

A
  • network of thin trabeculae
  • trabeculae consist of lamellae
  • osteocytes present
  • no obvious Haversian systems
  • the bone is thin, and nutrients can diffuse in
  • bone marrow present in the spaces between trabeculae
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15
Q

Characteristics of osteoblasts

A
  • lie on surface of bone
  • derived from mesenchymal stem cells
  • synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix
  • the matrix is mineralised by calcium salts

(same group as osteocytes)

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16
Q

Characteristics of osteocytes

A
  • osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralised bone
  • lie within spaces - lacunae
  • contact other osteocytes via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi
  • osteocytes also appear to communicate with osteoblasts

(same group as osteoblasts)

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17
Q

Characteristics of osteoclasts

A
  • large, mulinucleate cells, derived from haemopoietic stem cells
  • related to macrophages
  • they resorb bone (acid phosphatases)
  • lie in concavities in bone: Howship’s lacunae
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18
Q

Describe bone remodelling

A
  • removal and replacement of bone tissue without change in overall shape
  • resorption balanced by deposition (apposition)
  • each year ~2% of cortical bone and ~25% of cancellous bone is replaced
  • controlled by osteoblasts
  • regulated by hormones (parathyroid and calcitonin), and paracrines
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19
Q

What is a reversal line

A

scalloped edge shows where bone resorption changes to bone deposition

20
Q

How can tooth movement occur

A

during eruption
post-eruptive (e.g. mesial drift)
orthodontic forces

21
Q

What is cartilage

A

semi-rigid, unmineralised connective tissue

22
Q

what are the different types of cartilage

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
23
Q

where would you find hyaline cartilage

A

widespread e.g. nasal septum

24
Q

where would you find fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

25
Q

where would you find elastic cartilage

A

external ear, epiglottis, eustacian tube

26
Q

Characteristics of cartilage cells

A
  • formed by chondroblasts
  • these get trapped the matrix and become chondrocytes
  • avascular
  • nutrient diffuses in
  • some channels are present in thick areas of cartilage
  • chondrocytes contain stores of lipid, glycogen
27
Q

what bones undergo endochondral ossification

A

‘long’ bones

28
Q

what bones undergo intramembranous ossification

A

‘flat’ bones

29
Q

how is bone tissue created

A

endochondral and intramembranous ossification

30
Q

in which type of ossification is cartilage present

A

endochondral ossification

31
Q

Process of intramembranous ossification

A

Formation of bone spicules

Formation of woven bone

Primary centre of ossification

Formation of osteon

32
Q

Process of endochondral ossification

A

Initially, a cartilage skeleton is laid down. The cartilage is replaced with bone. There are several centres of ossification. Ossification is going outwards

Cartilage proliferation and growth occurs at the epiphyses

33
Q

what type of ossification happens in the skull

A

endochondral and intramembranous ossification (need horizontal and vertical growth)

34
Q

In achondroplasia, what type of growth is impaired

A

endochondral bone growth as a defect in cartilage growth

35
Q

What is an anatomical characteristic of achondroplasia

A

base of skull is minimised –> small maxilla

36
Q

What gets resorbed after tooth loss

A

alveolar process

37
Q

During formation of a flat bone, much of it will become ossified by spread of bone from the centre of ossification, what will the remainder become?

A

the periosteum surrounding the bone

38
Q

what are the cells on the surface of bone spicules during flat bone formation

A

osteoblasts

39
Q

what is the narrow ‘pink’ zone between the bone surface and osteoblasts during flat bone formation

A

osteoid - the unmineralised organic matrix of bone

40
Q

what is the name of the prominent cartilage which is in the lower jaw

A

meckel’s cartilage

41
Q

by what mechanism does the bone of the mandible form

A

the mandible forms by intramembranous ossification. Meckel’s cartilage forms the cartilaginous ‘skeleton’ of the developing jaw. But the bone of the mandible forms lateral to Meckel’s cartilage. As the mandible grows, Meckel’s cartilage regresses, and disappears. It has a few remnants, such as the malleus and incus of the middle ear, and the spenomandibular ligament

42
Q

what important structures are between the developing mandible and Meckel’s cartilage

A

inferior alveolar nerve and artery

43
Q

What happens to the bone lining the ‘socket’ as the tooth roots grow

A

the bone will resorb to accomodate them

44
Q

If you are looking at the inner wall of the tooth socket, what are the large multinucleated cells called? what do they do?

A

osteoclasts, they resorb bone

45
Q

where would you find howship’s lacunae

A

inner wall of tooth socket, saucer-shaped depressions in bone

46
Q

What feature is present in bone but is absent from cartilage

A

cartilage is avascular. blood vessels migrate into the region, bringing osteoprogenitoor cells which differentiate into osteoblasts. These cells then lay down osteoid on the mineralised cartilage spicules

BDS2 BAMS - Oral biology (9 decks)

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