Bone and Biometrics (Module 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 4 types of tissues
A
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
2
Q
What are the functions of the Epithelial Tissue
A
Provides physical protection, controls permeability, produces specialized secretions
3
Q
Name 2 examples of epithelial tissues
A
Skin, GI tract
4
Q
What are the functions of connective tissue
A
Form a structural framework for the body, transports fluids and dissolved minerals, supports other tissues, defends body from invading microorganisms
5
Q
Name 2 examples of connective tissues
A
Bone, Blood
6
Q
What are the functions of muscle tissue?
A
Contracts to produce movement
7
Q
Name 3 examples of muscle tissue
A
Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, and Smooth muscle
8
Q
What are functions of the nervous tissue
A
Repair and maintain nervous tissue, and provide nutrients to the neurons.
9
Q
Anterior
A
Front of body
10
Q
Posterior
A
Back of body
11
Q
Superior
A
Toward head end of body
12
Q
Inferior
A
Toward foot end of body
13
Q
Medial
A
Close to the centre of the body
14
Q
Lateral
A
Far away from the centre of body
15
Q
Proximal
A
Close to the trunk/torso
16
Q
Distal
A
Far away from the trunk/torso
17
Q
Deep
A
Further from the surface
18
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to the surface
19
Q
Coronal plane
A
Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
20
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Plane that divides the body into left and right pieces
21
Q
Transverse plane
A
Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior halves
22
Q
Sagittal movement
A
Movement in the sagittal plane (forward and backwards movement)
23
Q
Coronal movement
A
Movement in the coronal plane (side to side movements
24
Q
Transverse movement
A
Movement in the transverse plane (rotating movements)
25
Flexion
Movement that decreases the angle between the limbs
26
Extension
Movement that increases the angle between the limbs
27
Hyperextension
Increased extension movement only possible in some limbs
28
Dorsiflexion
Flexion movement in the foot (toes towards face)
29
Plantarflexion
Flexion movement in the foot (toes toward ground)
30
Abduction
Movement at joint moving limb away from midline (spread fingers)
31
Adduction
Movement at joint moving limb towards midline (closed fingers)
32
Opposition
Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the other fingers
33
Circumduction
Combination of Flexion, Abduction, Adduction, Extension, in a circular movement. No rotation
34
Rotation
Rotation around the long axis of a joint
35
Inversion
Movement of facing the foot towards the midline
36
Eversion
Movement of facing the sole of the foot away from the midline
37
Compact bone
Strong bone tissue that is good at transmitting force in one direction
38
Cancellous bone
Light spongy bone tissue that is good at absorbing shock, resisting and channeling forces from multiple directions
39
Long bones
Longer than they are wide
Composed of a long narrow diaphysis, and 2 wide epiphyses
Act as levers for movement`
Compact bone in diaphysis, cancellous bone in epiphyses
Usually limb bones
40
Short bones
Close to equal width and length
Weight bearing from multiple directions
Mostly cancellous bone
41
Flat bones
Usually for muscular attachment and protection
Thin plates of compact bone with some cancellous bone too sometimes
42
Irregular bones
Doesn't fit into any other category
Various shapes and functions
43
Axial skeleton
Bones of the core
Protection of vital organs
44
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of the limbs
Important for movement
45
Skull (cranium)
Encloses the brain
Attaches to muscle
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
46
Skull (facial bones)
Protect and support sensory organs
Mandible, facial bones
47
Vertebral column
keeps the trunk upright
7 Cervical (near head)
12 Thoracic (upper to mid back)
5 Lumbar (lower back)
Sacrum (back part of the pelvis)
Coccyx (tailbone)
48
Rib cage
Protection of heart and lungs
Ribs
Sternum
49
Limbs
Humerus, Femur (single proximal long bone)
Ulna Radius, Tibia Fibular (double distal long bones)
Hands, feet
50
Pectoral girdle
Made up of clavicle (stabilizing strut) and scapula (free moving muscle attachments)
51
Pelvic girdle
Made up of the 2 hip bones and the axial sacrum
52
Bone tissue composition
Connective tissue (supports other tissues/organs, and maintains form)
53
Extracellular components
Organic (33%, collagen - protein, ground substance - proteoglycans) - resists tension
Inorganic (66%, hydroxyapatite, other calcium minerals) - makes bone hard and resistant to compression
54
Cellular component
makes up 2% of bone by weight
Made up of Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes
55
Osteogenic cells
Stem cells that produce osteoblasts
56
Osteoblasts
Cells that produce new bone matrix
57
Osteoclasts
Cells that remove bone matrix
58
Osteocytes
Cells that maintain and communicate, they recycle protein and minerals from the matrix and control the activity of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts
59
Osteons
A longitudinal unit within compact bone which provide a pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the extracellular matrix
60
Central Canal
Contains blood vessel and nerves
61
Lamellae
A series of cylinders formed of extracellular matrix around the central canal (the walls of the osteon and the rest of the bone)
62
Lacunae
Lakes/holes for osteocytes
63
Canaliculi
Channels for nutrients through the extracellular matrix
64
Osteoperosis
when the trabeculae (the struts of lamella bone in cancellous bone) becomes thinner
65
Ossification
The process of bone formation
66
Centers for ossification
Diaphyses are primary ossification centers (form bone before other parts of the body)
Epiphyses are secondary ossification centers (form bone after primary ossification centers)
Are separated by epiphysial plates
67
Endochondral ossification
Process of transforming cartilage into bone
68
Epiphyseal growth plate
The main site of longitudinal growth of the long bones. At this site, cartilage is formed by the proliferation and hypertrophy of cells and synthesis of the typical extracellular matrix. The formed cartilage is then calcified, degraded, and replaced by osseous tissue
69
Bone width growth
Appositional growth, the superficial osteoblasts produce bone matrix as the circumferential lamellae, and the osteoclasts mould the bone shape and form the medullary cavity
70
Joint
where 2 or more bones meet, allows free movement/control of movement, often have cartilage, mostly hyaline, some fibrocartilage in some places.
71
Hyaline cartilage
Also known as articular cartilage, made of collagen fibres that are barely visible, has a high water content so resists compression, is smooth, frictionless and is the more common cartilage in joints.
Nutrients diffused through matrix through joint loading because blood vessels don't penetrate the cartilage
72
Fibrocartilage
Made of collagen fibres which form bundles in the matrix, the orientation of the fibres aligns with the stresses
Function: resists compression and tension
Usually is present at articulations with too little articular surfaces (eg knee)
Nutrients diffused through matrix through joint loading because blood vessels don't penetrate the cartilage
73
Ligaments
A structure that connects bone to bone
they restrict movement away from themselves
made of:
Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue (DFCT)
Collagen and elastin mean they stretch and allow recoil
Fibroblasts and fibrocytes
Small amounts of vascularity compared to bone, resulting in very slow healing following injury
74
Tendons
A structure that connects muscle to bone
They facilitate and control movement and cause contraction of muscles connected to bones
They have less elastin than ligaments
75
Tissues
cells grouped together in
a highly organized
manner according to
specific structure and
function
76
Structures
Something formed by tissues
77
Fibrous joints
Made of DFCT
Is a ligament
Limits movement and provides stability
Eg. brain sutures, distal tibiofibular joint
78
Cartilaginous joint
Made of fibrocartilage
Is connected entirely by cartilage
Allows some movement but not much
Are often parts of various structures with special functions
Eg. intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis
79
Synovial joints
Made of a complex association of tissues and structures
Allows free movement and control of movement
The bone ends determine the range and motion of the joint
Are contained in a joint capsule
Are most of the joints in our bodies
80
Joint capsule
Outer layer made of DFCT, inner layer made of synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid which both lubricates the joint and provides nutrients to the avascular structures
Holds bones together
Tight and thick where more support is required, and loose where movement is required
81
Capsular ligaments
In some joints thickenings of capsule are present where more support is required
Medial collateral ligament (MCL) - connects femur to tibia, restricts abduction
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) - connects femur to tibia, restricts adduction
82
Intracapsular ligaments
In some joints additional bands of DFCT located internally to the capsule holds bones together
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - connects the anterior of tibia to posterior of femur, restricts posterior displacement of femur
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - connects the posterior of tibia to anterior of femur, restricts anterior displacement of femur
83
Fibrocartilaginous pads/structures
In some joints small structures made of fibrocartilage fill in space, provide cushioning/shock absorption, and deepen articulations
Eg. the menisci in the knee
84
Excitable tissues
Neurons and muscles have an excitable membrane potential
85
Action potential
A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane. The membrane potential, is determined by the relative ratio of extracellular to intracellular ions, needs to increase to -55mv for the true action potential
86
Myelin sheath
The myelin coating of an axon increasing its transmitting speed, because axions with a myelin sheath conduct their electric signals quicker
87
Smooth muscles
Mainly line hollow organs
Are not under voluntary control
88
Cardiac muscle
Located only in the heart, it generates force to pump blood around the body
Is not under voluntary control
89
Skeletal muscles
Applies force to the bones to control posture and body movements
Are under voluntary control
Also known as striated or voluntary muscle
Primary job is to develop tension or force
Skeletal muscle fibres are large multinucleate cells containing large amounts of protein
Connective tissues cover the muscle fibres and connect fibres to the bone
Skeletal muscle is richly supplied with blood vessels
Skeletal muscle is richly supplied with nerve fibres
90
Tendon structure
Muscle fibres are gathered into bundles called fascicles
Fascicles are gathered into bundles called muscles
Fibres, fascicles, and muscles are each covered by connective tissue
These connective tissue sheathes are gathered together to form tendons
91
Muscle structure
Muscles are comprised of muscle tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue
Each muscle is made of multiple muscle fibres
Each muscle fibre is made of multiple myofibrils
Myofibrils are made of repeating units called sarcomeres
Sarcomeres are made of contractile proteins called myofilaments - Actin (thin filaments), myosin (thick filaments)
92
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
An extensive membranous tubular network associated with T tubules at regular intervals, the sarcoplasmic reticulum has 2 chambers (terminal cisternae) on either side of the T tubules these 3 structures form a membrane triplet called a triad
The job of the SR is to take up and store calcium and then to release Ca2+ into the cytoplasm as a response from the action potential conducted through the T tubules
93
Transverse tubules (T tubules)
Tubular extensions on the surface membrane, surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum
Function is to conduct action potentials deep into the core of the fibre
94
Actin
Thin filament
A globular protein (G actin), the globules assemble to form filamentous protein strands (F actin)
Each thin filament is a twisted strand of 2 rows of F actin ending at one end at the Z-line
95
Myosin
Thick filament
A molecule with a long tail and globular head
The thick filament is formed from arrays of pairs of myosin molecules arranged with their tails pointing towards the M line forming a complex double head structure
96
Neuromuscular Junction
The site where an action potential from the brain is delivered to a muscle fibre to initialize contraction
