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Hubs 191 > Bone and Biomechanics > Flashcards

Bone and Biomechanics Flashcards

1st Module

1
Q

Nervous tissue

A

The most complex tissue in the body. It provides communication between various parts of the body and integrates activities between them. Controls and co-ordinates several function of the body. Has many cell types including neurons.

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2
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Produces movement of the body and its parts, and movement of organs. Muscles cells are contractile and produce movement by shortening. Also responsible for producing most of the heat of the body.

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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports the body holding parts together, transporting substances through the body from foreign invaders. The cells in the tissue are relatively far apart with large quantities of matrix surrounding the cells.

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers and protects the bodies surface, lines cavities, transports substances into and out of the body (or organs) and forms many glands. Usually arranged in one or more layers, very close together and with very little extracellular matrix.

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5
Q

A plane running vertically through the body separating it into left and right parts. Also known as the median plane.

A

Sagital Plane

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6
Q

A plane running horizontally through the body or limb separating it into superior and inferior parts.

A

Transverse Plane

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7
Q

A plane running vertically through the body, separating it into anterior and posterior parts. Also known as the frontal plane.

A

Coronal Plane

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8
Q

Closer to the head. (The eyes are … to the head)

A

Superior

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9
Q

Closer to the feet. (The thorax is … to the chin)

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Closer to the front. (The toes are … to the heels)

A

Anterior

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11
Q

Closer to the back. (The vertebral column, spine, is … to the thorax)

A

Posterior

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12
Q

Closer to the median plane. (The eye is … to the ear)

A

Medial

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13
Q

Further away from the median plane. (The elbow is … to the thorax)

A

Lateral

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14
Q

Nearer to where the limb attaches to the trunk. The shoulder is … to the arm)

A

Proximal

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15
Q

Further away from where the limb attaches to the trunk. (The wrist is … to the forearm)

A

Distal

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16
Q

Decreases the angle between two bones at the joint. Movement in the sagittal plane.

A

Flexion

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17
Q

Straightening the joint. The reverse of flexion. In the sagittal plane.

A

Extension

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18
Q

The movement away from the median plane.

A

Abduction

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19
Q

The movement towards the median plane.

A

Adduction

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20
Q

The four movements (flexion, abduction, extension, adduction).

A

Circumduction

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21
Q

The turning of a bone at the joint around its long axis. In the transverse plane.

A

Rotation

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22
Q

Further from the surface. ( The muscles are … to the skin)

A

Deep

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23
Q

Closer to the surface. (The skin is … to the muscles)

A

Superficial

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24
Q

Palm over - radius over ulna

A

Pronation

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25
Q

Palm out - radius and ulna in parallel

A

Supination

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26
Q

Foot is lifted upwards - the flexing of the foot

A

Dorsiflexion

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27
Q

Foot is pushed downward - extension of foot

A

Plantar flexion

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28
Q

The turning of the sole inwards

A

Inversion

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29
Q

The turning of sole outwards

A

Eversion

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30
Q

Long bones

A

Wider and Longer bones. Consists of a shaft and two expanded ends which have articular surface forming joints. One end is termed - round. Compared to the other end

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31
Q

Flat bones

A

Thinner, flatter and curved bones. Protect important organs.

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32
Q

Irregular bones

A

Bones that typically do not fit into the other categories, Generally will have a foramen - hole - in them.

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32
Q

Short Bones

A

Bones that are roughly cube like or round. Smaller bones.

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33
Q

The seven smallest vertebrae in the neck which allows a wide range of motion for the head and neck

A

Cervical

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33
Q

The five largest vertebrae, support the trunk on the pelvic girdle, yet allow some movement.

A

Lumbar

33
Q

Twelve vertebrae, allowing some movement and providing the sites of attachments for the ribs

A

Thoracic

34
Q

Five fused vertebrae that form the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle

A

Sacrum

35
Q

2-5 fused vertebrae forming a single bone.

A

Coccyx

36
Q

What three sets of bones make up the hand

A

The wrist bones (carpals), the bones of the palm (metacarpals), and the finger bones (phalanges)

37
Q

What are the four bone cells

A

Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts.

38
Q

Osteogenic Bone Cells

A

Stem cells that produce Osteoblasts

39
Q

Osteoblast bone cells

A

MAKERS - produce new bone matrix

40
Q

Osteocytes bone cells

A

MAINTAINERS - recycle protein and minerals from matrix

41
Q

Osteoclast Bone cells

A

DESTROYERS - remove bone matrix

42
Q

Macroscopically - compact bone

A

Outer surfaces seem dense and impenetrable - Foramina/holes for blood supply

43
Q

Microscopically - compact bone

A

Made up of circumferential lamellae and units called osteons

44
Q

Osteon

A

longitudinal unit with compact bone. It provides a pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the ECM

45
Q

Central canal

A

Contains blood vessel and nerves

46
Q

Lamellae

A

A series of cylinders formed of the ECM around the central canal. Forms the shape of the osteon. Collagen fibres within lamellae resist forces.

47
Q

Lacunae

A

Lakes for osteocytes

48
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels for osteocytes through ECM

49
Q

Trabeculae

A

Struts of lamella bone, marrow fills the cavities between trabeculae, osteocytes housed in lacuna in between lamellae/on surface

50
Q

What are the pro’s of trabecular bone

A

The organisation of trabeculae resists force from multiple directions. It directs the force from body weight in single direction down shaft and spreads the force distally.

51
Q

Bone remodelling process

A

Osteoblasts add bone matrix in lamellae to bone surface and Osteoclasts remove bone from the middle.

52
Q

Compact Bone

A

Strong and good at transmitting force in one direction

53
Q

Bone homeostatis

A

Balance of OB & OC activity, constantly being formed and destroyed, shape changes through periods of growth, can get imbalances.

54
Q

DFCT

A

Dense fibres connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, joint capsules)

55
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Resists compression and tension, collagen fibres in bundles, shock absorber (disributes force) .

56
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Resists compression, high water content, molds to surfaces, smooth surface for frictionless movement.

57
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Tissue - DFCT
Structure - ligament
Function - limited movement and provides stability

58
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Tissue - DFCT
Structure - varies
Function - Some movement

59
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Tissue - Hyaline
Structures - Outer layer of DFCT, Inner layer of synovial membrane.
Function - Lots of movement but also tight where more support is needed

60
Q

Plane Synovial Joint

A

Multiaxial, flat articular surfaces, Intercarpal and tarsal joints.

61
Q

Hinge Synovial Joint

A

Uniaxial, movement of flexion or extension, ankle, elbow, humerus with ulna.

62
Q

Pivot Synovial Joint

A

Uniaxial, movement is rotation, radioulnar joints.

63
Q

Condylar Synovial joint

A

Biaxial, flexion and extension but also rotation when flexed. Knee, TMJ.

64
Q

Ellipsoid Synovial joint

A

Biaxial, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, therefore also circumduction but NO ROTATION. Wrist joint

65
Q

Saddle synovial joint

A

Biaxial, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction. Therefore cicumduction. Obligatory rotation. Base of thumb (carpometacarpal)

66
Q

Ball and socket synovial joint

A

Multiaxial, flexion and extension and abduction and adduction, therefore circumduction, rotation as well. Shoulder, hip joints.

67
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from a high to low concentration

68
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a membrane to equalise solute concentration

69
Q

The cell membrane divides our body fluid volumes into…

A

Interacellular and extracellular spaces

70
Q

Isotonic

A

The ECF and ICF are in balance with the two solutions. Osmosis works to balance the tonicity.

71
Q

Hypertonic

A

Cell is smaller. ECF increases.

72
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell is bigger. ECF decreases, ICF increases.

73
Q

Active transport

A

Active transport is an energy driven process where membrane proteins transport mol;ecules across cells. They use a pump

74
Q

Passive transport

A

The molecules are moved within and across the cell membrane through the concentration gradient therefore no ATP is required.

75
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Mainly lines hollow organs and are not under voluntary control

76
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Located only in the heart and generates force to pump blood around the body. Not under voluntary control.

77
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Applies force to the bones to control posture and body movement. Mostly under voluntary control.

78
Q

Fasicles

A

Individual muscle cells are called muscle fibres and gather into bundles called fascicles. They bind into muscles.

79
Q

Sarcromes

A

Made of contractile proteins or myofilaments (actin, thin filaments, myosin, thick filaments)

80
Q

Myofibirils

A

Are compromised bundles which make up muscle fibre. Myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres.

81
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Extensions of the sarcolemma and conduct eletrical signals deep into the core of the fibre.

82
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Lines the muscle fibre, is a cell membrane with a special name.

83
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

An extensive membrane network. Takes up and stores calcium while muscle is relaxed and then releases calcium to cytoplasm when muscle contracts.

84
Q
A

Hubs 191 (1 decks)

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