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Hubs 191 > Bone and Biomechanics > Flashcards

Bone and Biomechanics Flashcards

1st Module

1
Q

Nervous tissue

A

The most complex tissue in the body. It provides communication between various parts of the body and integrates activities between them. Controls and co-ordinates several function of the body. Has many cell types including neurons.

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2
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Produces movement of the body and its parts, and movement of organs. Muscles cells are contractile and produce movement by shortening. Also responsible for producing most of the heat of the body.

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3
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports the body holding parts together, transporting substances through the body from foreign invaders. The cells in the tissue are relatively far apart with large quantities of matrix surrounding the cells.

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers and protects the bodies surface, lines cavities, transports substances into and out of the body (or organs) and forms many glands. Usually arranged in one or more layers, very close together and with very little extracellular matrix.

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5
Q

A plane running vertically through the body separating it into left and right parts. Also known as the median plane.

A

Sagital Plane

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6
Q

A plane running horizontally through the body or limb separating it into superior and inferior parts.

A

Transverse Plane

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7
Q

A plane running vertically through the body, separating it into anterior and posterior parts. Also known as the frontal plane.

A

Coronal Plane

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8
Q

Closer to the head. (The eyes are … to the head)

A

Superior

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9
Q

Closer to the feet. (The thorax is … to the chin)

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Closer to the front. (The toes are … to the heels)

A

Anterior

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11
Q

Closer to the back. (The vertebral column, spine, is … to the thorax)

A

Posterior

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12
Q

Closer to the median plane. (The eye is … to the ear)

A

Medial

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13
Q

Further away from the median plane. (The elbow is … to the thorax)

A

Lateral

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14
Q

Nearer to where the limb attaches to the trunk. The shoulder is … to the arm)

A

Proximal

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15
Q

Further away from where the limb attaches to the trunk. (The wrist is … to the forearm)

A

Distal

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16
Q

Decreases the angle between two bones at the joint. Movement in the sagittal plane.

A

Flexion

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17
Q

Straightening the joint. The reverse of flexion. In the sagittal plane.

A

Extension

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18
Q

The movement away from the median plane.

A

Abduction

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19
Q

The movement towards the median plane.

A

Adduction

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20
Q

The four movements (flexion, abduction, extension, adduction).

A

Circumduction

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21
Q

The turning of a bone at the joint around its long axis. In the transverse plane.

A

Rotation

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22
Q

Further from the surface. ( The muscles are … to the skin)

A

Deep

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23
Q

Closer to the surface. (The skin is … to the muscles)

A

Superficial

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24
Q

Palm over - radius over ulna

A

Pronation

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25
Palm out - radius and ulna in parallel
Supination
26
Foot is lifted upwards - the flexing of the foot
Dorsiflexion
27
Foot is pushed downward - extension of foot
Plantar flexion
28
The turning of the sole inwards
Inversion
29
The turning of sole outwards
Eversion
30
Long bones
Wider and Longer bones. Consists of a shaft and two expanded ends which have articular surface forming joints. One end is termed - round. Compared to the other end
31
Flat bones
Thinner, flatter and curved bones. Protect important organs.
32
Irregular bones
Bones that typically do not fit into the other categories, Generally will have a foramen - hole - in them.
32
Short Bones
Bones that are roughly cube like or round. Smaller bones.
33
The seven smallest vertebrae in the neck which allows a wide range of motion for the head and neck
Cervical
33
The five largest vertebrae, support the trunk on the pelvic girdle, yet allow some movement.
Lumbar
33
Twelve vertebrae, allowing some movement and providing the sites of attachments for the ribs
Thoracic
34
Five fused vertebrae that form the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle
Sacrum
35
2-5 fused vertebrae forming a single bone.
Coccyx
36
What three sets of bones make up the hand
The wrist bones (carpals), the bones of the palm (metacarpals), and the finger bones (phalanges)
37
What are the four bone cells
Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts.
38
Osteogenic Bone Cells
Stem cells that produce Osteoblasts
39
Osteoblast bone cells
MAKERS - produce new bone matrix
40
Osteocytes bone cells
MAINTAINERS - recycle protein and minerals from matrix
41
Osteoclast Bone cells
DESTROYERS - remove bone matrix
42
Macroscopically - compact bone
Outer surfaces seem dense and impenetrable - Foramina/holes for blood supply
43
Microscopically - compact bone
Made up of circumferential lamellae and units called osteons
44
Osteon
longitudinal unit with compact bone. It provides a pathway for nutrients to get to cells in the ECM
45
Central canal
Contains blood vessel and nerves
46
Lamellae
A series of cylinders formed of the ECM around the central canal. Forms the shape of the osteon. Collagen fibres within lamellae resist forces.
47
Lacunae
Lakes for osteocytes
48
Canaliculi
Channels for osteocytes through ECM
49
Trabeculae
Struts of lamella bone, marrow fills the cavities between trabeculae, osteocytes housed in lacuna in between lamellae/on surface
50
What are the pro's of trabecular bone
The organisation of trabeculae resists force from multiple directions. It directs the force from body weight in single direction down shaft and spreads the force distally.
51
Bone remodelling process
Osteoblasts add bone matrix in lamellae to bone surface and Osteoclasts remove bone from the middle.
52
Compact Bone
Strong and good at transmitting force in one direction
53
Bone homeostatis
Balance of OB & OC activity, constantly being formed and destroyed, shape changes through periods of growth, can get imbalances.
54
DFCT
Dense fibres connective tissue (ligaments, tendons, joint capsules)
55
Fibrocartilage
Resists compression and tension, collagen fibres in bundles, shock absorber (disributes force) .
56
Hyaline cartilage
Resists compression, high water content, molds to surfaces, smooth surface for frictionless movement.
57
Fibrous joints
Tissue - DFCT Structure - ligament Function - limited movement and provides stability
58
Fibrous Joints
Tissue - DFCT Structure - varies Function - Some movement
59
Synovial Joints
Tissue - Hyaline Structures - Outer layer of DFCT, Inner layer of synovial membrane. Function - Lots of movement but also tight where more support is needed
60
Plane Synovial Joint
Multiaxial, flat articular surfaces, Intercarpal and tarsal joints.
61
Hinge Synovial Joint
Uniaxial, movement of flexion or extension, ankle, elbow, humerus with ulna.
62
Pivot Synovial Joint
Uniaxial, movement is rotation, radioulnar joints.
63
Condylar Synovial joint
Biaxial, flexion and extension but also rotation when flexed. Knee, TMJ.
64
Ellipsoid Synovial joint
Biaxial, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, therefore also circumduction but NO ROTATION. Wrist joint
65
Saddle synovial joint
Biaxial, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction. Therefore cicumduction. Obligatory rotation. Base of thumb (carpometacarpal)
66
Ball and socket synovial joint
Multiaxial, flexion and extension and abduction and adduction, therefore circumduction, rotation as well. Shoulder, hip joints.
67
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from a high to low concentration
68
Osmosis
The movement of water across a membrane to equalise solute concentration
69
The cell membrane divides our body fluid volumes into...
Interacellular and extracellular spaces
70
Isotonic
The ECF and ICF are in balance with the two solutions. Osmosis works to balance the tonicity.
71
Hypertonic
Cell is smaller. ECF increases.
72
Hypotonic
Cell is bigger. ECF decreases, ICF increases.
73
Active transport
Active transport is an energy driven process where membrane proteins transport mol;ecules across cells. They use a pump
74
Passive transport
The molecules are moved within and across the cell membrane through the concentration gradient therefore no ATP is required.
75
Smooth Muscle
Mainly lines hollow organs and are not under voluntary control
76
Cardiac Muscle
Located only in the heart and generates force to pump blood around the body. Not under voluntary control.
77
Skeletal Muscle
Applies force to the bones to control posture and body movement. Mostly under voluntary control.
78
Fasicles
Individual muscle cells are called muscle fibres and gather into bundles called fascicles. They bind into muscles.
79
Sarcromes
Made of contractile proteins or myofilaments (actin, thin filaments, myosin, thick filaments)
80
Myofibirils
Are compromised bundles which make up muscle fibre. Myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres.
81
Transverse tubules
Extensions of the sarcolemma and conduct eletrical signals deep into the core of the fibre.
82
Sarcolemma
Lines the muscle fibre, is a cell membrane with a special name.
83
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
An extensive membrane network. Takes up and stores calcium while muscle is relaxed and then releases calcium to cytoplasm when muscle contracts.
84

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