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Oral Bio Quiz 4 > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What is bone composed of?

A

Similar to dentin (but not anatomically)

HA overlaid on a collagen I scaffold

-67% - Inorgo - HA

-33% - Orgo
—28% - Collagen
—5% - Noncollagenous proteins

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2
Q

What are the non-collagenous proteins in bone?

A

Bone sialoprotein (BSP)

Osteopontin (OP)

Osteocalcin (OC)

Osteonectin (ON)

Matrix extracellular phophoglycoprotein

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3
Q

What 3 cell types are in bone?

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

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4
Q

What are 4 physiological roles of bone?

A

Structural

Ca2+ homeostasis

Reservoir for growth factors in tissue repair

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal progenitor cell populations in marrow

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5
Q

Calcitonin does what?

A

Removes Ca2+ from blood and put it into bone

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6
Q

PTH does what?

A

Takes Ca2+ from bone and puts it into blood

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7
Q

What is the macrostructure of bone?

A

Outer layer of dense, compact (cortical) bone, with an inner cavity

Inner cavity with marrow, red or yellow, and cancellous trabecular bone

HIGHLY VASCULAR

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8
Q

T/F - Cholera diarrhea disturbs Ca2+, drops significantly, and is pretty much plasma diarrhea.

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What are the 3 organizational units of compact bone?

A

Circumferential - Outer ring of bone tissue

Concentric (osteonic) lamellae - Intact osteons

Interstitial lamellae - Fill space b/t concentric lamellae, former concentric lamellae

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10
Q

What is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

A

The osteoblasts

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11
Q

Look at slide 6. Picture of bone with labels

A

Do it

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12
Q

An osteon is formed from?

A

Concentric lamellae

Basically concentric rings of bone, built around a canal housing a capillary (Haversian Canals)

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13
Q

What links Haversian canals?

A

Volkmann canals

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14
Q

What heals faster, bone or cartilage?

A

Bone
-It is much, much more vascular than cartilage

Where there is blood, there is healing

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15
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

Spongy bone

End of long bones, in apposition to jts and is associated w/ the marrow spaces

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16
Q

What does cancellous bone do?

A

Provides structure support for marrow tissues, highly vascular

Site of blood cell production, supports mesenchymal and hematopoietic progenitor cell populations

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17
Q

Layers of bone from outside in.

A

Periosteum

Outer Circumferential lamellae

Osteonic lamellae

Haversian canals

Inner circumferential lamellae

Endosteum

Marrow cavity with trabecular bone

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18
Q

How is the periosteum connected to the outer surface of bone?

A

SHARPEY’S FIBERS

Outer fibrous layer and inner layer in apposition to the bone surface

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19
Q

Which layer of the periosteum is highly cellular and vascularized, outer or inner?

A

Inner layer

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20
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Loose connective tissue covering the inner surface of both cancellous and compact bone

Separates the marrow from the bone

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21
Q

T/F - Volkmann’s canals connect osteons, while osteons are built around Haversian canals.

A

TRUE

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22
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells with MESENCHYMAL origin

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23
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Bone cells

  • Encapsulated osteoblasts
  • Housed in osseous lacunae
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24
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells which break down bone tissue. HEMATOPOIETIC origin

25
Q

Osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes are responsible for what?

A

Bone formation, repair, and maintenance

26
Q

Tell me more about osteoblasts.

A

Mononucleated cells that synthesize osteoid matrix

MESENCHYMAL origin (Ectomesenchymal in the head)

Differentiate in response to a cascade of growth factors

Bone formation and repair

Communicate with each other via gap junctions, do NOT form complexes

27
Q

T/F - Osteoblasts produce osteoid matrix similar to odontoblasts.

A

TRUE

28
Q

Osteoblasts secrete what?

A

Collagen

Non-collagenous proteins via vesicles

Growth factors
TGFbeta1, BMP2, IGF I and II, PDGF, FGF)

Once bone is formed, they flatten and from bone lining cells

29
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts which have been embedded into the bone matrix

They are the endgame of healthy osteoblasts

30
Q

What do osteocytes occupy?

A

Lacunae in bone tissue

Interact with each other

31
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Fusion of monocytes

HEMATOPOIETIC ORIGIN

32
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Resorption of bone

Activated in inflammation
-IL-1beta, TNFalpha

Key marker
—Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase (TRAP)

33
Q

How are osteoclasts attached to surface?

A

Integrin, cytoplasm adjacent to surface rich in talin, actin, and vinculin

Form a ruffled border in apposition to bone

Form resorption pits (Howship’s lacunae)
-Secrete H+ ions and matrix degrading enzymes

34
Q

What is osteoid?

A

Bone protein, unmineralized

35
Q

What is the zone b/t Howship’s lacunae and intact bone?

A

Lamina limitans

36
Q

Osteoblasts/osteoclasts are supplied by what?

A

Progenitor cell populations

Differentiate in response to signaling cascades

Also triggered by tissue damage, inflammation, repair signals

37
Q

What is bone formation controlled by?

A

Complex interactions b/t osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Balance b/t synthetic and resorptive signals

Osteoblasts regulate osteoclast fx RANK-RANKL-OPG system

38
Q

What is RANKL?

A

Receptor Activated Nuclear Factor kappaB Ligand

OSTEOBLASTS

39
Q

What is RANK?

A

Receptor Activated Nuclear Factor kappaB

OSTEOCLASTS

40
Q

What is OPG?

A

Osteoprotegerin

Produced by osteoblasts binds RANKL

41
Q

Bone development types.

A

Endochondral bone formation
-Long bones

Intramembranous ossification
-Bones of the skull

Sutural bone growth
-Fusion of skull plates

*These are not necessarily exclusive processes

42
Q

What is the most important factor in ossification?

A

Vascular supply

43
Q

Tell me about endochondral formation.

A

Bone formed on a hyaline cartilage pattern

Condensation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes

Collagen is secreted, mineralizes, and is broken down by chondroclasts
—This allows for penetration of vasculature

44
Q

With vasculature comes from ________ cells which differentiate into osteoblasts.

A

Mesenchymal

45
Q

What makes up the primary spongiosa?

A

Bone matrix surrounds remaining mineralized collagen which forms mixed spicules

46
Q

__________ gradually remove mineralized cartilage and develop marrow cavity.

A

Osteoclasts

47
Q

Secondary growth centers from what?

A

Epiphyses of long bones

-Growth plates

48
Q

Tell me how PTH leads to resorption. THIS IS IMPORTANT

A

PTH activates osteoblasts

Osteoblasts express higher levels of RANKL

RANK on Osteoclast binds to RANKL

This leads to resorption

49
Q

Tell me about PTH and quiescence. THIS IS IMPORTANT

A

PTH activates osteoblasts

RANKL is blocked by OPG (OPG is produced by osteoblasts)

OPG binds RANKL and competes with RANK

This is a negative feedback loop

This leads to quiescence

SLIDE 18

50
Q

Tell me about intramembranous formation.

A

Mesenchymal cells condense in fibrous CT, differentiating into osteoblasts and forming an ossification center

Osteoid is secreted into the CT matrix and is penetrated by bvs
-Rapid formation of mineralized woven bone

Woven bone is remodeled into mature trabecular bone w/ a collar of cortical bone around it

51
Q

Tell me about sutural bone growth.

A

Fusion of skull plates

Sutures are fibrous CT bands b/t plates
-Allows for internal expansion of organs

Inner Cambrian layer associated with periosteum

Outer capsular layers meet to join sutures together

Gives the skull some “flex”

52
Q

Children bone turnover ___-_____% of their bone per year.

A

30-100%

Also addition to bone

53
Q

T/F - Adult bone turnover - 5% cortical and 15% trabecular per year.

A

TRUE

Mostly just remodeling

54
Q

Most bone is formed around the _______, while it is mainly resorbed form the _______.

A

Periosteum

Endosteum

55
Q

What oversees bone remodeling and repair?

A

Cascade of factors

-Growth factors

56
Q

What happens in remodeling of cortical bone?

A

Primary osteons replaced by secondary osteons, which are replaced by tertiary osteons

Allows for bone growth

57
Q

__________ resorb bone, leaving a space which is filled by trailing ___________.

A

Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts

58
Q

Osteoblasts create a _________ line (of what?) and lay new bone onto it.

A

Cement

Non-collagenous proteins

59
Q

T/F - Osteons must be first broken down to put a new osteon in that spot.

A

TRUE

There is also a cutting cone v filling cone where the leading edge is the osteoclasts and trailed by osteoblasts

Oral Bio Quiz 4 (4 decks)

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