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Oral Bio Final > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 bone matrix proteins made by osteoblasts

A
  1. type I collagen
  2. alkaline phosphatase
  3. osteopontin and osteocalcin
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2
Q

2 enzymes produced by osteoclasts

A
  1. cathepsin k
  2. tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)
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3
Q

origin of osteoclast

A

hematopeietic origin

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4
Q

2 structural features of osteoclasts

A

multinucleated and ruffled border

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5
Q

what is diploe

A

spongy bone in skull separating inner and outer compact bone

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6
Q

whats a lacuna

A

space in lamella where osteoctye resides

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7
Q

whats an osteoid?

A

the unmineralized organic component of bone

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8
Q

whats an osteocyte

A

a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted

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9
Q

how long before osteoid is mineralized

A

a few days

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10
Q

5 steps of long bone formation

A
  1. bone collar formation around hyaline cartilage model
  2. cavitiation of hyaline cartilage within cartilage model
  3. invasion of internal cavities by the periostial bud and spongy bone formation
  4. formation of medullary cavity as ossification continues; secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses
  5. ossification of epiphyses
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11
Q

when ossification is completed where is cartilage found in the bone?

A

hyaline cartilage only in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

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12
Q

5 zones of developing bone

A
  1. resting (quiescent) zone (outermost)
  2. growth (proliferation) zone
  3. hypertrophic zone
  4. calcification zone
  5. ossification (ostergenic) zone
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13
Q

how much of bone is organic matrix?

A

45-60%

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14
Q

what is primary protein of organic matrix of bone

A

Type I collagen

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15
Q

functions (4) of noncollagenous proteins of bone

A
  1. direct cell binding (osteoblasts/clasts)
  2. control spacial arrangement of mineral deposition
  3. control mineral nucleation
  4. control rates and sites of mineral resorption
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16
Q

osteonectin

A

Ca++ bindng protein

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17
Q

osteopontin

A

RGD protein

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18
Q

osteocalcin

A
  • contains gamma carboxy glutamic acid
  • needs vitamen D for production
  • needs vit K for function
  • produces binding site for calcium
  • used as measure of osteoclastic metabolism
  • restricted to bone
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19
Q

2 inhibitors of mineral deposition

A

pyrophosphate and magnesium

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20
Q

2 molecules that act as nucleation sites for mineral deposition

A

collagen and phosphoproteins

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21
Q

bisphosphonates inhibit what

A

osteoclast activity

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22
Q

what does phosphodiesterase do

A

inactivates intracellular second messangers (cAMP/cGMP)

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23
Q

where is PDE type 5 found

A

corpus cavernosum

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24
Q

side effects of hypercalcemia

A
  • chronic
  • lethargy, digestive tract abnormalities, possible cardiac arrythmias
  • soft tissue calcificiation (cardiac valves/kidney tubules)
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25
Q

PTH function

A
  • increase PLASMA Ca++
    • increase Ca++ reabsorbtion by kidney and from bone
    • increases 1,25-dihydroxy vitamen D
26
Q

calcitonin function

A

causes Ca++ deposition in bone

27
Q

vitamen D pathway from skin

A
  • 7-dehydrocholesterol to
  • colecalciferol (in skin) to
  • 25-hydroxy vitamen D (in liver) to
  • 1, 25-duhyroxy vitamen d D (in liver)
28
Q

vitamen D action

A

increases Ca++ absorption

29
Q

rickets symptoms

A

deficient growth of long bones

chronic hypocalcemia

expanded epiphyseal growth plate

bowing of legs

30
Q

vitamen D deficiency and MS

A

decrease pro inflammatory cytokines

31
Q

vitamen D deficiency and heart disease

A

inhibition of renin-angiotensin system

32
Q

vitamen D deficiency and TB

A

resistance to mycobacteria

33
Q

vitamen D deficiency and asthma

A

increase regulatory T cells

34
Q

vitamen D deficiency and diabetes

A

increase in type II diabetes

35
Q

vitamen D deficiency and cancer

A

increased apoptosis

36
Q

deficiency of thyroid hormone during early development causes

A

cretinism

37
Q

laron dwarfism

A

lack of GH receptors

mutations in IGF-1 receptor

no treatment

38
Q

issues with HRT with estrogen for osteoporosis

A

increased CVS and memory problems

39
Q

prostaglandins cause what

A

stimulate bone resorbtion

(since part of signalling pathway for PTH)

not detected in circulation

40
Q

PTHrP involved with what

A

hypercalcemia of malignancy

41
Q

what does TGF beta stimulate

A

matrix protein synthesis (esp collagen)

42
Q

PDGF function

A

possible role in fracture repair b/c present in high concentration in bone

43
Q

IGF1 stimulated by what

A

growth hormone (PTH)

44
Q

IL 1

A

inflammatory mediator (involved in bone resorbtion)

  • catabolin (cartilage degredaton)
  • endogenous pyrogen (fever)
  • LAF
  • aka OAF
45
Q

how does estogen stop osteoporosis

A

estrogen inhibits inflammatory mediator synthesis (osteoblasts can produce IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha)

46
Q

regulatory relationship between OB and OC

A

OB produce RANKL which binds to RANK on membrane of osteoclast precursor cells, stimulating differentaion of osteoclasts

47
Q

what heavy metal causes brittle bones

A

cadmium

48
Q

zinc deficiency causes

A

late onset of puberty and short stature

49
Q

Cu++ deficiencty

A

weak CT matrices (aortic rupture) also weak bone structure

50
Q

apical ectodermal ridge

A

responsible for growth of length of limb

51
Q

zone of polarizing activity

A

responsible for finger to thumb axis of developing limb (ie. order of fingers on hand)

mediated via sonic hedgehog protein

52
Q

mesenchyme differentiation based on cell density

A

low: fibrogenic
high: chondrogenic

53
Q

mesenchyme differentiation based on oxygen tension

A

low: chondogenic
high: bone formation

54
Q

bone membrane

A

bone lining cells cover bone surface with unknown function

55
Q

3 types of circulating calcium and abundance

A
  1. ionized (50%)
  2. protein bound (esp albumin)
  3. complexed (like in phosphate or citrate)
56
Q

where does degredation of PTH occur

A

liver and kidney

57
Q

vit D3 AKA

A

cholecalciferol

58
Q

what step in vit D formation is tightly regulated?

A

25-OH vit D to 1,25-(OH)2 vit D

59
Q

effects of vit D toxicity

A

hypercalcemia and soft tissue calcification

60
Q

Mechanism of OC response to PTH

A

NO pth receptors on OC

instead OC respond to secreted products of PTH stimulated OB

61
Q

cathepsins function

A

degrade collagen in an acidic environment

62
Q

back of hand to palm formation controlled by

A

En-1, Wnt7a, Lmx-1

Oral Bio Final (5 decks)

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