Bone Flashcards
3 main structures of a long bone
epiphyses (2) - articulates w/ other bones
metaphases (2) - meeting of epiphyses and diaphysis
diaphysis (1) - shaft, compact bone
What protein gives bone its resiliency?
Collagen
Function of osteoprogenitor cells, what do they produce?
Assist in fracture repair
Produce osteoblasts
Osteoblast general function, what do they secrete?
Build bone
Immature cells that secrete osteoid
Osteoid
Matrix produced by osteoblasts that will eventually calcify to form bone
What are osteocytes and their function?
Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts
Maintain bone matrix
What is the general function of osteoclasts?
What do they secrete?
Break down bone
Secretes acids and protein-digesting enzymes
Osteolysis
loosening/degradation of bone matrix
What is the order of bone cell formation?
Osteoprogenitor -> osteoblasts -> osteocyte
Where is the periosteum and what are the 2 functions of the periosteum?
Surrounds compact bone (except at joints)
Isolates bone from surrounding tissue & participates in bone growth and repair
Hematopoiesis and which bones contribute to it the most?
Formation of blood cell components
Axial skeletal bones
What are the 2 types of ossification?
Intramembranous (dermal) ossification
- bone to bone
Intracartilagenous (endochondral) ossification
- cartilage to bone
What is bone deposition and which cell type increases deposition?
Deposition is the increase in BMD and is due to an increase in osteoblast activity
What is bone resorption and which cell type contributes to an increase in resorption?
Resorption is a decrease in BMD (breaking down) due to an increase in osteoclast activity
What vitamin is needed for collagen synthesis and osteoblast differentiation?
Vitamin C
Which vitamin stimulates osteoblast activity, not differentiation, but activity?
Vitamin A
What is calcitriol and what 2 things does it help to absorb?
Active form of vitamin D
Helps absorb Ca2+ and phosphorus from GI tract
What bone cell type does growth hormone, estrogen, and androgens stimulate?
Osteoblasts
Function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increases blood Ca2+
Function of calcitonin
Decreases blood Ca2+ via increasing BMD
If there are high levels of serum Ca2+ which hormone is secreted, and from which organ?
High Ca2+ levels results in the thyroid releasing calcitonin
Fissure
Narrow slit b/w bones for blood vessels or nerves
Foramen
Hole for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
foramena: plural
Fossa
Shallow depression
Sulcus
Groove/furrow on a bone for passage of a blood vessel, nerve or tendon
Meatus
Tubelike opening/passageway
external auditory meatus
Process
Projection or bump
mastoid process
Ramus
Extension of bone that forms an angle w/ the rest of the structure
Condyle
Rounded projection w/ a smooth articular surface
Facet
Smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articulating surface
Head
Rounded articular process supported by a neck
Crest
Prominent ridge or elongated process
median sacral crest
Epicondyle
Roughened projection above a condyle
Line
Long, narrow ridge or border - less prominent than a crest
- site of tendon or ligament attachement
Trochanter
Very large projection, ONLY on the femur
Tubercle
Variably sized rounded knob
Tuberosity
Variably sized projection w/ rough bumpy surface for ligament attachement
