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Injury Biomechanics > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of bone

A

mechanical
synthetic
metabolic

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2
Q

what are the 3 parts/characteristics that all contentive tissue has

A
  1. specialized cells
  2. extracellular protein fibers
  3. fluid ground substance
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3
Q

what is the bone forming cell

A

osteoblast

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4
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

secrete osteoid matrix (collagen for bone)

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5
Q

what is the bone-reabsorbing cell

A

osteoclasts

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6
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts

A

bone remodeling

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7
Q

what does the interaction between osteoclasts and blasts determine

A

bone health

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8
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

an osteoblast trapped by secretion of osteoid

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9
Q

what is the purpose of an osteocyte

A

maintenance of bone integrity and Ca+ homeostasis
- mechanoreceptors (signal transduction)

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10
Q

what type of collage fibers is found prodomenetly in osteoids

A

type I (90%)

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11
Q

what are bone salts

A

solid ground substance made from calcium, magnesium, sodium and chlorine

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12
Q

what percent of bone volume is made up by bone salts

A

50%

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13
Q

what do bone salts do

A

give bone its rigidity and stiffness as it is 75% of bone weight

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14
Q

bone health requires…

A

integrity of collagen and mineralization

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15
Q

what is rickets disease

A

impaired VItD, phosphorous or calcium metabolism (very frequent)

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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of rickets

A
  • large forehead
    -stunted growth
  • wide bones
  • large abdomen
    -wide joints
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17
Q

what is osteomalacia

A

childhood rickets
hypercalcemia

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18
Q

what is renal disease

A

def Vit D or lack of dietary calcium

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19
Q

what is a disease of connective tissue in the bone

A

osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) its a genetic disease

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20
Q

what occurs in brittle bone disease

A

insufficient connective tissue (type 1 collagen)

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21
Q

signs of brittle bone disease

A

white part of eyes look blue, poor teeth, prone to fracture, barrel chest and round back, deafness

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22
Q

what are the two types of bone

A

cortical and cancellous (trabecular)

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23
Q

at the ___________ there is ___ difference between the two types of bone

A

cellular level, no

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24
Q

what is the difference between the two types of bone and why

A

density and it is due to the porosity
compact = 5-30%
trabecular = 30-90%

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25
Q

where is the osteon observed

A

in the compact bone

26
Q

where is the osteon found in the bone

A

along the long axis shaft or diaphyses of long bones

27
Q

what does the osteon consist of

A

bone matrix laid down in concentric layers called lamellae

28
Q

what does the lamellae surround

A

a central haversian canal (Hc)

29
Q

purpose of Hc

A

contains the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

30
Q

where are the osteocytes in relation to the Hc

A

arranged in a concentric ring around the central Hc

31
Q

how are the osteocytes connected to the Hc

A

via canaliculi and acts as a mechanotransducer

32
Q

what is the shaft of a bone called

A

the diaphysis

33
Q

what is the rounded end of a long bone

A

the epiphysis

34
Q

what is the episphysis filled with

A

red bone marrow which produces red blood cells

35
Q

what is the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphysis

36
Q

what is the role of the metaphysis

A

part of the bone that is growing during childhood

37
Q

what is the growth plate

A

the epiphyseal line located in the metaphysis

38
Q

what would happen if there was a fracture through the growth plate

A

normal growth resumes

39
Q

what would happen if there was a fracture through the growth plate and the metaphysis

A

normal growth would resume

40
Q

what would happen if there was a fracture through the growth plate and epiphysis

A

possible growth disturbances

41
Q

what would happen if there was a fracture through the growth plate and epiphysis and metaphysis

A

possible growth arrest

42
Q

compression fracture of the growth plate

A

bad, high chance of growth arrest

43
Q

growth homoneq

A

stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1 = promotes chondroycte proliferation in GP
High impact of bone growth

44
Q

IGF-1

A

directly promotes chondrocyte proliferation in GP, crucial for bone elongation

45
Q

estrogen and testosterone

A

estrogen is crucial for growth spurt and eventual closure of growth plate, while testosterone promotes gbone growth and maturation

46
Q

PTh

A

influeces bone remodeling and mineralization (indirect affect)

47
Q

T3/4

A

regulates maturation, essential for normal development and bone growth

48
Q

two types of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

49
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

direct ossification of embryonic connective tissue (bones of skull)

50
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

ossification of hyaline cartilage
- cartilage mineralization around hypertrophic chondrytes
- blood vessels then penetrate, causing the mineralized carilage to be resorbed causing growth

51
Q

what is the secondary ossification centre

A

epiphysis
- we see the formation of articular cartilage and epiphysal plate

52
Q

do males or females have greater bone development/maturation after age 12

A

males

53
Q

90% of bone mass is accounted for at age __

A

19

54
Q

as we are hitting the growth spurt ages there is a ___ in stiffness due to ___ in length while area remains

A

decrease, increase

55
Q

bone mineralization _____ peak height velocity growth

A

lags behind
- this increases injury risk

56
Q

this rapid change causes

A

motor control and coordination decreases as there is a change in COM of the limbs increasing the risk of injury temporarily
increases in nutrition
overuse injuries as there is an increase in stress of growing bones and joints

57
Q

what do viscoelastic tissues exhibit

A

stress relaxation
creep
strain rate dependecy
hysterisis
anisotropy

58
Q

what contributes to the porosity of a bone

A

Hc
lacunae and canaliculi
pathologies (tumor, infection, etc)

59
Q

in cancellous bone trabeculae form along

A

the aces of loads (remodelling)

60
Q
A

Injury Biomechanics (1 decks)

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