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chemistry honors > bonding test (12/17/24) 🎀 > Flashcards

bonding test (12/17/24) 🎀 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Measure of its attraction for electrons when bonded to another atom

Values can be used to predict the type of bond that will be formed between two atoms and can be found on Table S.

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2
Q

What type of process is the breaking of a chemical bond?

A

Endothermic process

Energy is added to overcome attractive forces and separate the atoms in a compound.

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3
Q

What type of process is the formation of a bond?

A

Exothermic process

Releases energy, and the greater the energy released, the greater the bond’s stability.

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4
Q

What characterizes metallic bonds?

A

Valence electrons move freely throughout the crystal, forming a ‘sea of mobile electrons’

Results in high melting points, hard solids, and good conductivity of heat and electricity.

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5
Q

What is the primary characteristic of covalent bonds?

A

Formed when two nuclei share electrons to achieve a full octet

Typically formed between two nonmetals.

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6
Q

What defines a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

Electrons are shared equally

Exists in atoms having equal or close electronegativity values, with a difference of 0-0.4.

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7
Q

What defines a polar covalent bond?

A

The sharing of electrons is unequal

The element with the higher electronegativity value attracts electrons more, resulting in partial charges.

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8
Q

What is the electronegativity difference for polar covalent bonds?

A

Greater than 0.4 but less than 1.7

The side of the molecule with higher electronegativity becomes slightly negative.

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9
Q

What characterizes ionic bonds?

A

Formed when ions bond together, involving one metal and one nonmetal

Involves the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

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10
Q

What happens to metals in ionic bonds?

A

Metals lose electrons and become positive

Nonmetals gain electrons and become negative.

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11
Q

What is the electronegativity difference for ionic bonds?

A

Greater than 1.7

Most ionic bonds exhibit the greatest electronegativity difference.

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12
Q

What are dipole-dipole forces?

A

Attractions between polar molecules

The positive side of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative side of another.

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13
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

A bond between a hydrogen in one molecule and an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine in another

Hydrogen bonding forces are much stronger than dipole-dipole forces.

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14
Q

What are London dispersion forces?

A

Forces of attraction due to uneven distribution of electrons

Present in any molecule, but less apparent in asymmetrical molecules where dipole-dipole forces exist.

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15
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms generally react by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons to achieve a complete octet of eight valence electrons

The configuration of eight valence electrons is known as an octet.

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16
Q

What is a Lewis dot diagram?

A

A representation of valence electrons around a chemical symbol

Consists of a chemical symbol surrounded by 1-8 dots representing valence electrons.

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17
Q

What happens to metals in Lewis dot structures?

A

Metals lose their valence electrons, leaving no dots in the diagram

Nonmetals gain electrons, which are shown in the electron dot diagram.

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18
Q

How are covalent bonds represented in Lewis structures?

A

A single dash may be used to represent a pair of electrons

One dash represents two valence electrons.

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of molecular substances?

A

Have covalent bonds

Not all molecules with polar bonds are polar molecules; a symmetrical molecule is nonpolar.

20
Q

Which kind of energy is stored within a chemical bond?

A

Potential energy

21
Q

Which particles may be gained, lost, or shared by an atom when it forms a chemical bond?

A

Electrons

22
Q

Which terms describe a substance that has a low melting point and poor electrical conductivity?

A

Covalent and metallic

23
Q

The forces between atoms that create chemical bonds are the result of the interactions between what?

A

Electrons

24
Q

What accounts for the higher boiling point of H2O at standard pressure compared to CH4?

A

The covalent bonding

25
Q

At STP, potassium is classified as what?

A

A metallic solid

26
Q

Which element consists of positive ions immersed in a ‘sea’ of mobile electrons?

A

Calcium

27
Q

The degree of polarity of a bond is indicated by what?

A

Electronegativity difference

28
Q

In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are what?

A

Shared equally by two atoms

29
Q

Which type of bond is formed when an atom of potassium transfers an electron to a bromine atom?

A

Ionic

30
Q

What occurs in order to break the bond in a Cl2 molecule?

A

Energy is absorbed.

31
Q

Oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine bond with hydrogen to form molecules. These molecules are attracted to each other by what?

A

Hydrogen bonds

32
Q

Which type of substance is soft, has a low melting point, and is a poor conductor of electricity?

A

Covalent solid

33
Q

Which statement is true concerning the reaction N(g) + N(g) → N2(g) + energy?

A

(4) A bond is formed and energy is released.

34
Q

The bond between which pair of elements is the least ionic in character?

A

(3) H-S

35
Q

Which compound has the greatest degree of ionic character?

A

(1) NaCl

36
Q

The electrons in the bond between hydrogen and fluorine are more strongly attracted to the atom of?

A

(3) fluorine, which has the higher electronegativity.

37
Q

Which type of bond is formed between the two chlorine atoms in a chlorine molecule?

A

(2) nonpolar covalent

38
Q

Which diagram best represents the structure of a water molecule?

A

(3) O-H-O

39
Q

Which electron dot formula represents a substance that contains a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

(4) H-H

40
Q

Which electron dot diagram represents a molecule that has a polar covalent bond?

A

(1) H-Cl

41
Q

When a sodium atom reacts with a chlorine atom to form a compound, the electron configuration of the ions forming the compound are the same as those in which noble gases?

A

(2) krypton and argon

42
Q

Which atom will form an ionic bond with a Br atom?

A

(2) Li

43
Q

A white crystalline salt conducts electricity when it is melted and when it is dissolved in water. Which type of bond does this salt contain?

A

(1) ionic

44
Q

In which molecule is hydrogen bonding the strongest?

A

(1) HF

45
Q

Which statement correctly describes the bonds in the electron dot diagram shown below?

A

(3) All of the bonds are covalent.

chemistry honors (1 decks)

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