Bonding Sturcture And Prorities Of Matter Flashcards
What are the three types of chemical bonding?
Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding.
What happens in ionic bonding?
Electrons are transferred from a metal to a non-metal, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other.
What happens in covalent bonding?
Non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
What happens in metallic bonding?
Metal atoms lose electrons to form a ‘sea of delocalized electrons’ that hold positive metal ions together.
Why do noble gases not form bonds?
They already have a full outer shell of electrons, so they are stable.
What type of elements form ionic bonds?
Metals and non-metals.
What happens to metals in ionic bonding?
They lose electrons and form positive ions (cations).
What happens to non-metals in ionic bonding?
They gain electrons and form negative ions (anions).
What type of structure do ionic compounds form?
A giant ionic lattice.
Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
Strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions require a lot of energy to break.
Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when melted or dissolved?
The ions are free to move and carry charge.
Why don’t ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid?
The ions are fixed in place and cannot move.
What type of elements form covalent bonds?
Non-metals.
Why do atoms form covalent bonds?
To share electrons and achieve a full outer shell.
What are the two types of covalent substances?
Simple molecular substances and giant covalent structures.
What are simple molecules?
Small groups of atoms held together by covalent bonds (e.g., H₂O, CO₂, O₂).
Why do simple molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?
Weak intermolecular forces require little energy to break.
Do simple molecular substances conduct electricity? Why or why not?
No, because they do not have free-moving charged particles.
What are giant covalent structures?
Large networks of atoms held together by strong covalent bonds (e.g., diamond, graphite, silicon dioxide).
Why do giant covalent structures have high melting and boiling points?
A lot of energy is needed to break the strong covalent bonds.
Do giant covalent structures conduct electricity?
Most do not, except graphite and graphene.
What is metallic bonding?
A lattice of positive metal ions in a sea of delocalized electrons.
Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?
The delocalized electrons can move and carry charge or heat energy.
Why are metals malleable and ductile?
Layers of atoms can slide over each other.
Why do metals have high melting and boiling points?
Strong metallic bonds require a lot of energy to break.
What is the structure of diamond?
Each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a giant covalent structure
Why is diamond hard?
The strong covalent bonds in a rigid structure make it difficult to break
Why does diamond not conduct electricity?
There are no free electrons or ions.
What is the structure of graphite?
Each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds, creating layers with free-moving electrons.
Why is graphite soft and slippery?
The layers are held together by weak forces and can slide over each other.
Why does graphite conduct electricity?
It has delocalized electrons that can move.
What is graphene?
A single layer of graphite, one atom thick.
Why is graphene strong and light?
It has strong covalent bonds but is very thin
What are fullerenes?
Hollow carbon molecules, such as buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀).
What is a nanotube?
A cylindrical fullerene with high strength and good conductivity.
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
What happens when a solid is heated?
It melts into a liquid.
What happens when a liquid is heated?
It evaporates or boils into a gas.
What happens when a gas is cooled?
It condenses into a liquid.
What happens when a liquid is cooled?
It freezes into a solid.
What is sublimation?
When a solid turns directly into a gas without becoming a liquid (e.g., dry ice).
What is a nanoparticle?
A tiny particle between 1-100 nanometers in size.
How do nanoparticles compare to bulk materials?
They have a high surface area to volume ratio, making them more reactive.
Give two uses of nanoparticles.
Medicine (drug delivery) and cosmetics (sunscreen).
What are the risks of nanoparticles?
They may be toxic or harmful to the environment.
