Bonding, Structure and Properties of Bonding (2)

Question 1

How are Ions made

Answer 1

• When electrons are transferred

Question 2

What are Ions

Answer 2

• Ions are charged particles, they can be single atoms or group of atoms
• When atoms lose or gain electrons to form ions, all they’re trying to do is get a full outer shell

Question 3

What happens when metals form ions

Answer 3

• they lose electrons from there outer shell to form a positive ion (cation)

Question 4

What happens when non-metals form ions

Answer 4

• they gain electrons into their outer shell to form negative ions (anions)

Question 5

What is ionic bonding

Answer 5

• when a metal and a non-metal react together, the metal atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion, and the non-metal gains these electrons to form a negatively charged ion
• the oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to one one another by electrostatic forces.

Question 6

What negatives are there about dot and cross diagrams

Answer 6

• they don’t show the structure of the compound
• don’t show the size of the ions
• doesn’t show how the ions are arranged

Question 7

What is an ionic compound

Answer 7

• ionic compounds have a structure called a giant ionic lattice
• the ions form a closely packed regular lattice arrangement and there are very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions in all directions in the lattice

Question 8

What are the properties of an ionic compound

Answer 8

• they all have high melting points due to many strong bonds between the ions (takes a lot of energy to overcome these forces)
• they cant conduct electricity when they’re solid due to the ions being held in place
• some ionic compounds also dissolve in water, the ions separate and are all free to move in the solution, so they’ll carry electric current

Question 9

How do you work out the empirical formula

Answer 9

1) Look at the diagram to work out what ions are in the compound
2) Work out the charges the ions will form
3) balance the charges so the charge of the formula is 0

Question 10

What are covalent bonds

Answer 10

• the sharing of electrons
• when non-metals atoms bond together, they share pairs of electrons to make covalent bonds
• the positively charge nuclei of the bonded atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces ( this makes covalent bonds very strong )

Question 11

What is metallic bonding

Answer 11

• the electrons in the outer shell of the metal atoms are delocalised, There are strong forces of electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and the shared negative electrons
• these forces of attraction hold the atoms together in a regular structure ( this is known as metallic bonding )

Question 12

What are the properties of metals

Answer 12

• Most are solid at room temperature
• metals are good conductors of electricity and heat
• Most metals are malleable (they can be bent, hammered, rolled)

Question 13

What are alloys

Answer 13

• sometimes pure metals can be too soft when pure, so they’re sometimes mixed with other metals to harden them