bonding and structure

Question 1

What are the characteristics of solids?

Answer 1

Solids have a fixed shape and cannot flow, because their particles cannot move from place to place.

Solids cannot be compressed because their particles are close together and have no space to move into.

Question 2

What are the characteristics of liquids?

Answer 2

Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, because their particles can move around each other.

Liquids cannot be compressed because their particles are close together and have no space to move into.

Question 3

What are the characteristics of gases?

Answer 3

Gases flow and completely fill their container, because their particles can move quickly in all directions.

Gases can be compressed because their particles are far apart and have space to move into.

Question 4

What process turns a liquid into a solid?

Answer 4

Freezing or solidifying

Example: Water freezes to form ice.

Question 5

What process turns a gas into a liquid?

Answer 5

Condensing

Example: Water vapor condenses to form droplets.

Question 6

What process turns a solid into a liquid?

Answer 6

Melting

Example: Ice melts to form water.

Question 7

What process turns a liquid into a gas?

Answer 7

Evaporating or boiling

Example: Water boils to become steam.

Question 8

What is an ion?

Answer 8

An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge.

Question 9

How do ions form?

Answer 9

Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell.

Question 10

What do metal atoms do to form ions?

Answer 10

Metal atoms lose electrons to form positively charged ions.

Question 11

What do non-metal atoms do to form ions?

Answer 11

Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.

Question 12

What happens to metal atoms when they form positive ions?

Answer 12

Metal atoms lose electrons from their outer shell when they form ions.

Question 13

Why are the ions formed by metal atoms positive?

Answer 13

The ions are positive because they have more protons than electrons.

Question 14

What characteristic do the ions formed have?

Answer 14

The ions formed have full outer shells.

Question 15

What is the electronic structure of the ions formed?

Answer 15

The ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas, with a full outer shell.

Question 16

What happens to non-metal atoms when they form ions?

Answer 16

The outer shells of non-metal atoms gain electrons when they form ions.

Question 17

What type of ions are formed by non-metal atoms?

Answer 17

The ions formed are negative, because they have more electrons than protons.

Question 18

What is the electronic structure of the ions formed by non-metal atoms?

Answer 18

The ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas (group O element), with a full outer shell.

Question 19

How is the charge on ions for elements in groups 6 and 7 determined?

Answer 19

The charge on the ion is equal to (8 minus group number).

Question 20

What forms positive and negative ions?

Answer 20

Positive and negative ions form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, by transferring electrons.

Question 21

What is the relationship between oppositely charged ions?

Answer 21

The oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other, forming ionic bonds.