bonding and structure Flashcards
What are the characteristics of solids?
Solids have a fixed shape and cannot flow, because their particles cannot move from place to place.
Solids cannot be compressed because their particles are close together and have no space to move into.
What are the characteristics of liquids?
Liquids flow and take the shape of their container, because their particles can move around each other.
Liquids cannot be compressed because their particles are close together and have no space to move into.
What are the characteristics of gases?
Gases flow and completely fill their container, because their particles can move quickly in all directions.
Gases can be compressed because their particles are far apart and have space to move into.
What process turns a liquid into a solid?
Freezing or solidifying
Example: Water freezes to form ice.
What process turns a gas into a liquid?
Condensing
Example: Water vapor condenses to form droplets.
What process turns a solid into a liquid?
Melting
Example: Ice melts to form water.
What process turns a liquid into a gas?
Evaporating or boiling
Example: Water boils to become steam.
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge.
How do ions form?
Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell.
What do metal atoms do to form ions?
Metal atoms lose electrons to form positively charged ions.
What do non-metal atoms do to form ions?
Non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negatively charged ions.
What happens to metal atoms when they form positive ions?
Metal atoms lose electrons from their outer shell when they form ions.
Why are the ions formed by metal atoms positive?
The ions are positive because they have more protons than electrons.
What characteristic do the ions formed have?
The ions formed have full outer shells.
What is the electronic structure of the ions formed?
The ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas, with a full outer shell.
What happens to non-metal atoms when they form ions?
The outer shells of non-metal atoms gain electrons when they form ions.
What type of ions are formed by non-metal atoms?
The ions formed are negative, because they have more electrons than protons.
What is the electronic structure of the ions formed by non-metal atoms?
The ions have the electronic structure of a noble gas (group O element), with a full outer shell.
How is the charge on ions for elements in groups 6 and 7 determined?
The charge on the ion is equal to (8 minus group number).
What forms positive and negative ions?
Positive and negative ions form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, by transferring electrons.
What is the relationship between oppositely charged ions?
The oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other, forming ionic bonds.
