Bonding and Properties Flashcards
Define chemical bonding
A bond which forms between atoms due to the electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative charges in order to achieve a full valence shell to become stable
Describe and explain ionic bonding
Electrostatic attraction between metal atoms that have lost electrons and non-metal atoms that have gained electrons
The total number of electrons lost is equal to the total number of electrons gained
Results in cations and anions
Describe and explain metallic bonding
Electrostatic attraction between metal ions that have released electrons
Metal atoms tend to lose electrons and are overall uncharged
Describe and explain covalent bonding
Electrostatic attraction between shared electrons of two non-metals
Include single, multiple and coordinate covalent bonds
- Single = one electron from each atom
- Multiple = multiple electrons from each atom
- Coordinate = both electrons are from the one atom
Identify and describe properties of ionic substances
- High melting point
- Conducts electricity if in a molten state or solution
- Hard yet brittle
- Mostly soluble in water
- Form giant lattices of repeating ions
Identify and describe properties of metallic substances
- Metallic lustre
- Good conductors of heat and electricity
- Malleable
- Ductile
Some properties vary from metal to metal
- Density
- Hardness
- Melting point
- Tensile strength (resistance to pulling)
Identify and describe properties of covalent substances
- Low melting and boiling points
- Many are liquids and gases at room temperature
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity in solid and liquid states
- Form solids that are generally soft
- Insoluble in water and most other solvents
- Chemically unreactive
In covalent molecular substances
- Low melting and boiling points
- Many are liquids and gases at room temperature
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity in solid and liquid states
- Form solids that are generally soft
- Tend to be malleable rather than shatter
- Varying solubility
In covalent network substances
- High melting and boiling points
- Usually solid at room temperature
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity in solid and liquid states
- Extremely hard and brittle solids
- Insoluble in water and most other solvents
Define hydrocarbon
An organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon found in crude oil, natural gas, and coal
Define alkane
Saturated compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds
Define alkene
Unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond
Define benezene
A colourless or light-yellow liquid chemical at room temperature
Describe and explain an ionic crystalline lattice structure
Ionic compounds form giant ionic lattices where the bond works in all directions and can exist between many ions
Describe and explain a metallic lattice structure
Metallic bonds form lattices where the positively charged metal ions arrange themselves in regular rows
Describe and explain a giant covalent network structure
Covalent bonds form large continuous networks
Define allotrope
Different structural forms of the same element with different physical properties and chemical behaviours
The change between allotropic forms is triggered by the same forces that affect other structures, i.e., pressure, light, and temperature
