Bonding 2

Question 1

Polar Molecule

Answer 1

A molecule with two centers of with a positive and negative charge

Question 2

Why do polar molecules form

Answer 2

The electron change which is negative isnt’t distrubuted evenly amonge the atoms that make up the molecule

Question 3

What does the greek symbole (delta) indicate

Answer 3

the partial charge

Question 4

Why do ionic compounds have no partial charges

Answer 4

Theres is no sharing of electrons

Question 5

Dipole

Answer 5

Seperation of positive and negative centers in an individual bond

Question 6

are dipoles vectors of scalars

Answer 6

Vectors
- Magnitude and direction

Question 7

Intra

Answer 7

Within

Question 8

Inter

Answer 8

between

Question 9

Intramolecular Forces

Answer 9

Covalent bonds holding the molecule together

Question 10

Intermolecular forces

Answer 10

Attraction between bonds
– breaks when a substance is broken

Question 11

What are the two major types of intermolecular forces?

Answer 11

1. Van Der Waals force
2. Hydrogen Bonding

Question 12

What are the types of Van Der Waals forces?

Answer 12

1. Dipole-dipole interactions
2. London dispersion force

Question 13

What are Van Der Waals forces?

Answer 13

An attraction force that exists between all molecules and is the weakest intermolecular force.

Question 14

What factors affect the strength of Van Der Waals forces?

Answer 14

Depends on the size of the electron cloud and polarizability.

Question 15

What is polarizability?

Answer 15

The extent to which an electron cloud can be deformed.

Question 16

What are dipole-dipole forces?

Answer 16

Forces that exist between neutral polar molecules where positive and negative charges attract.

Question 17

What is an ion-dipole interaction?

Answer 17

Occurs when water molecules orient themselves according to charges.

Question 18

What are London dispersion forces?

Answer 18

The weakest of all intermolecular forces that occur between adjacent neutral molecules.

Question 19

How do London dispersion forces arise?

Answer 19

Through instantaneous dipoles created by the distortion of electron clouds.

Question 20

What factors influence London dispersion forces?

Answer 20

Molecular weight, shape of the molecules, and surface area for contact.

Question 21

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 21

A special case of dipole-dipole forces that are abnormally strong.

Question 22

What is required for hydrogen bonding?

Answer 22

Hydrogen must be covalently bonded to a highly electronegative element (F, O, or N) and have at least one lone pair.

Question 23

Why can’t hydrogen bond in water without a lone pair?

Answer 23

No lone pair means no place for hydrogen to bond.

Question 24

What is the compressibility of gases?

Answer 24

Highly compressive

Gases take the shape and volume of their container.

Question 25

What does the Kinetic-Molecular Theory state about liquids?

Answer 25

Molecules have some translational freedom but are held by intermolecular forces ## Footnote They can slide past each other and rotate.

Question 26

What shape do liquids take?

Answer 26

The shape of their container ## Footnote Liquids have a constant volume regardless of their shape.

Question 27

What happens to liquids when heated?

Answer 27

They tend to expand ## Footnote The volume occupied remains constant.

Question 28

Define surface tension.

Answer 28

The amount of energy required to break the surface or overcome cohesive forces ## Footnote Surface molecules are attracted inward towards the interior molecules.

Question 29

What are cohesive forces?

Answer 29

Forces that bind molecules to each other ## Footnote These forces contribute to surface tension.

Question 30

What are adhesive forces?

Answer 30

Forces that bind molecules to a surface ## Footnote They influence the shape of the liquid meniscus.

Question 31

What is a meniscus?

Answer 31

The shape of the liquid surface in a container ## Footnote It can be U-shaped or curved downwards depending on the balance of adhesive and cohesive forces.

Question 32

What is viscosity?

Answer 32

Resistance to liquid flow ## Footnote It increases with stronger intermolecular forces and decreases with higher temperature.

Question 33

What is the molecular behavior of solids according to molecular theory?

Answer 33

Molecules have no translational freedom and only vibrate ## Footnote They are held in place by strong attractive forces.

Question 34

What are the characteristics of solids?

Answer 34

Definite shape and volume, virtually incompressible ## Footnote They expand only slightly when heated.

Question 35

Define amorphous solids.

Answer 35

Solids that show no definite order in their molecular structure ## Footnote Examples include glass, plastic, and rubber.

Question 36

What are crystalline solids?

Answer 36

Solids with an orderly, repeating three-dimensional pattern ## Footnote They melt at one specific temperature.

Question 37

What characterizes metallic crystals?

Answer 37

Strong bonds between metal atoms and a sea of electrons ## Footnote This allows metals to be malleable and conduct electricity.

Question 38

What causes metals to be malleable?

Answer 38

The ability of ions to slide past each other without shattering ## Footnote This is due to the unique structure of metallic crystals.

Question 39

Cohesive forces

Answer 39

bind molecules together