Bonding

Question 1

Explain how ions are held together in solid sodium metal

Answer 1

• strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
  -positive ions in a
  -sea of delocalised electrons

Question 2

Explain how ions are held together
In solid sodium chloride

Answer 2

• electrostatic forces of attraction between
  -oppositely charged ions of
  -na+ and cl-

Question 3

Melting point of sodium chloride is higher than solid sodium metal what can be deduced from this information?

Answer 3

• ionic sodium chloride has stronger electrostatic forces in comparison to the
  -metallic solid metal sodium meaning
  -more energy is needed to overcome the forces of sodium chloride

Question 4

Compare the electrical conductivity of solid sodium metals to solid sodium chloride and explain ur answer

Answer 4

-solid sodium metal can conduct electricity whereas the solid sodium chloride cannot
-sodium metal can have delocalised electrons flowing through
-allowing to carry charge
-whereas the solid sodium metal does not as ions in salt cannot move

Question 5

Why is solid sodium metal malleable?

Answer 5

The layers or planes have the same size of positive ions
-which can slide over each other easily which mean sions are able to move

Question 6

Explain why bond angle in an amide ion is smaller than in an ammomianmiolecule

Answer 6

-amide ion has more lone pairs than NH3
-lone pairs reply more than bonding pairs
-decreasing size angle as they try repel as much ad possible

Question 7

Describe bonding present in metals

Answer 7

Electrostatic forces of attraction of positive ions in sea of delocalised electrons

Question 8

Explain how bonding and structure in metallic properties lead to the electrical conductivity and malleability.

Answer 8

Electrical;
-the electrons are free to move
-electrons can flow and carry charge

Malleable;
-the positive ions are the same size and can planes/layers can slide over each other easily
-attractive forces throughout the lattice remain the same through0ut

Question 9

Why is aluminium a better conductor of electricity than magnesium?

Answer 9

-aluminium has ions al3+ and magnesium Mg2+
-aliminum has a higher nuclear charge meaning more delocalised electrons
-better conductor of electricity compared to magnesium

Question 10

What is electronegativity ?

Answer 10

Ability for an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond

Question 11

Explain how hydrogen bonding as an intermolecular force arises in HF

Answer 11

-there is a large electro negativity difference with H and F
-causing a dipole with partially positive h + and aerially -F
-a bond is formed between partially + H and lone pair on f-

Question 12

EXPLAIN why there is an increase in bp going down halide group (hydrogen halide)

Answer 12

-van der waals attraction increase as
-there is increase in size of electron cloud

Question 13

Give one reason why HF has a higher bc than the rest of the hydrogen halides

Answer 13

-hydrogen bonding is stronger than van der waals

Question 14

Explain why the oh bond in methanol is polar

Answer 14

-oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen there is a large diffenrce
-causes a dipole of partially positive h+ and partially negative oxygen -

Question 15

Explain why the b of methanol is higher than oxygen when they both have an mr of 32. Explain in terms of intermolecular forces

Answer 15

-hydrogen bonding between methanol molecules
-van der waals forces between oxygen molecules
-the hydrogen bonding is stonger than the van der waals hence the higher bp