Bonding

Question 1

What occurs during ionic bonding?

Answer 1

Electrons are transferred from a metal to a non-metal to achieve full outer shells

This results in the formation of charged particles called ions.

Question 2

What are ions?

Answer 2

Charged particles formed when electrons are transferred during ionic bonding

Ions can be either positive (cations) or negative (anions).

Question 3

What structure do oppositely charged ions form in ionic compounds?

Answer 3

Giant ionic lattice

The ionic lattice is held together by strong electrostatic forces.

Question 4

What is an example of an ionic compound?

Answer 4

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Formed from Na​+​ and Cl​− ions.

Question 5

What is the definition of covalent bonding?

Answer 5

Covalent bonds form between two non-metals where electrons are shared

Multiple pairs of electrons can be shared, leading to multiple covalent bonds.

Question 6

What is a dative bond?

Answer 6

A bond where both electrons in the shared pair are supplied by a single atom

Indicated by an arrow in diagrams.

Question 7

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 7

A lattice of positively charged ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons

This structure leads to strong electrostatic forces of attraction.

Question 8

How does the charge of a positive ion affect metallic bonding?

Answer 8

The greater the charge, the stronger the attractive force

More electrons are released into the ‘sea’ of electrons.

Question 9

What are the four main types of crystal structure?

Answer 9

Ionic, metallic, simple molecular, macromolecular

Each structure has distinct physical properties.

Question 10

What physical property do ionic substances exhibit?

Answer 10

High melting and boiling points

Caused by strong electrostatic forces in the ionic lattice.

Question 11

How do ionic substances conduct electricity?

Answer 11

When molten or in solution, ions are free to move

This movement allows them to carry an electrical current.

Question 12

What type of structure do simple molecular substances have?

Answer 12

Covalently bonded molecules held together by weak van der Waals forces

These substances have low melting and boiling points.

Question 13

What is a characteristic of macromolecular structures?

Answer 13

Covalently bonded into a giant lattice structure

They have very high melting points due to strong covalent bonds.

Question 14

What determines the shape of a molecule?

Answer 14

The number of electron pairs around the central atom

Electron pairs repel each other, affecting bond angles.

Question 15

What is electronegativity?

Answer 15

The power of an atom to attract negative charge towards itself in a covalent bond

It varies based on atomic size and nuclear charge.

Question 16

What happens when two bonded atoms have different electronegativities?

Answer 16

A polar bond forms, creating a permanent dipole

The more electronegative atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly.

Question 17

What are the three main types of intermolecular forces?

Answer 17

Van der Waals forces, permanent dipole, hydrogen bonding

Each type varies in strength and the interactions involved.

Question 18

What are van der Waals forces?

Answer 18

The weakest type of intermolecular force, acting as an induced dipole

Strength varies with molecular mass and shape.

Question 19

What is unique about hydrogen bonding?

Answer 19

It is the strongest intermolecular force and occurs between hydrogen and highly electronegative atoms

These atoms include nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine.