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chemistry y12 > bonding > Flashcards

bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

how are negative ions formed?

A

when atoms gain electrons

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2
Q

how are positive ions formed?

A

when atoms lose electrons

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3
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

the bond formed between oppositely charged ions due to the electrostatic forces of attraction between them

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4
Q

what are the formulas of:
carbonate
nitrate
sulfate
ammonium
phosphate
hydroxide
hydrogencarbonate

A

CO3 2-
NO3 -
SO4 2-
NH4 +
PO4 3-
OH -
HCO3 -

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5
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

a shared pair of electrons. the shared pair of electrons attracts the two nuclei and holds them together

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6
Q

what is a co-ordinate (dative) bond?

A

this is a shared pair of electrons with both pairs of electrons coming from the same atom. once formed it is the same as a covalent bond

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7
Q

what is a metallic bond?

A

this is formed by the attraction between the delocalised electrons and positive metal ions

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8
Q

what happens to the electrons in a covalent bond?

A

the electrons are not usually shared equally between the two atoms. one of the atoms has a greater attraction for the electrons than the other

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9
Q

what is electronegativity?

A

the relative attraction by atoms for electrons in a covalent bond
it is a measure of the power of an atom to attract electrons (electron density) in a covalent bond
the higher the electronegativity value the greater the attraction for the electrons in the bond

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10
Q

what atoms have the greatest electronegativity values?

A

small atoms with high nuclear charges
fluorine is the most electronegative element

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11
Q

what happens to electronegativity across the periodic table?

A

increases from left to right across a period
decreases down a group

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12
Q

what is a polar bond?

A

a covalent bond in which the atoms have an unequal attraction for the electrons, and so the sharing is unequal

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13
Q

what are the three types of intermolecular forces (in increasing strength order)?

A

Van de Waal’s (temporary dipole-dipole)
Permanent dipole-dipole
Hydrogen bonding

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14
Q

what are van de waal’s forces?

A

all molecules are attracted by VdW forces. very weak and only significant if no other types of intermolecular forces are present.
electron density may be unsymmetrical due to electron movement, which produces a temporary dipole in the molecule. this can then induce an opposite dipole in an adjacent molecule. second molecule is then attracted to the first.
strength of these forces depends on the surface area of the molecule- bigger SA, stronger force

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15
Q

what are permanent dipole-dipole forces?

A

permanent dipole dipole forces arise between polar molecules. the slightly positive end of one polar bond is attracted to the slightly negative end of another.

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16
Q

what are hydrogen bonds?

A

hydrogen bonds are a special case of permanent dipole-dipole attraction which occurs when hydrogen is bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atoms. these are very electronegative atoms and produce a large dipole.

17
Q

what does the shape of a molecule depend on?

A

the total number of electrons around the central atom.

18
Q

what is the order of electron pair repulsion?

A

BP-BP<LP-BP<LP-LP

19
Q

what shape is a molecule with 2BP?

A

linear
bond angle 180 degrees
2BP

20
Q

what shape is a molecule with 3BP?

A

trigonal planar
bond angle 120 degrees
3BP

21
Q

what shape is a molecule with 4BP?

A

tetrahedral
bond angle 109.5 degrees
4BP

21
Q

what shape is a molecule with 5BP?

A

trigonal bipyramidal
bond angles 120 and 90 degrees
5BP

22
Q

what shape is a molecule with 6BP?

A

octohedral
bond angle 90 degrees
6BP

23
Q

what shape is a molecule with 3BP and 1LP?

A

trigonal pyramidal
bond angle 107 degrees
3BP, 1LP
bond angle decreases because greater repulsion from lone pair

24
Q

what shape is a molecule with 2BP and 2LP?

A

v shaped/ bent
bond angle 105 degrees
2BP, 2LP

25
Q

what shape is a molecule with 4BP and 2LP?

A

square planar
bond angle 90 degrees
4BP, 2LP

26
Q

what happens in the change of state between a solid and a liquid?

A

forces of attraction between the particles are loosened. structure resembles a disordered solid. the heat energy required to bring about this change in the structure is called the enthalpy of fusion.

27
Q

what happens in the change of state between a liquid and a gas?

A

particles are widely spread and the forces of attraction are completely overcome. particles move with rapid random motion. the heat energy required to bring about this change in the structure is called the enthalpy of vaporisation.

28
Q

what is greater, the enthalpy of fusion or vaporisation?

A

vaporisation as more heat energy is needed to overcome the forces of attraction completely than is needed to loosen them

chemistry y12 (13 decks)

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