Bonding Flashcards
What are ionic compounds made up of?
Metal and non-metal
What are covalent compounds made up of?
non-metals
Is ammonium nitrate ionic or covalent?
ionic overall, but has covalent bonding in each part.
What are ions? When are they formed?
charged particles which are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons
Draw a dot and cross diagram showing the formation of an ion by magnesium
See page 2
What does isoelectronic mean?
same number of electrons
Write the electron configuration of Ga³⁺
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ (4s electrons removed before 3d)
What is the charge of: hydroxide; hydrogencarbonate; carbonate; sulfate; phosphate; silver; ammonium; zinc; copper; iron
OH⁻
HCO₃⁻
SO₄²⁻
PO₄³⁻
NH₄⁺
Zn⁺²
Cu⁺²
Fe⁺²/ Fe⁺³⁺
What is ionic bonding?
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions – has a three-dimensional giant lattice structure
What do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
SEFABOCI – require a lot of energy to break
Why do ionic compounds have low volatility?
SEFABOCI – do not evaporate easily
Why are ionic compounds hard?
SEFABOCI
Why don’t ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid? When do they conduct electricity? Why?
ions are not free to move – held tightly in place by (giant) lattice structure
When molten or dissolved in water – ions become free to move
Why are ionic compounds often soluble in water?
Water is polar. Ion-dipole interactions between ions & polar water molecules releases enough energy to overcome electrostatic forces between ions.
Why are ionic compounds usually insoluble in non-polar solvents/organic solvents?
interactions between solvent molecules and ions are weak – don’t release enough energy to break apart the lattice.
What can be used as a measure of the strength of ionic bonding? What type of ions have a high one?
lattice enthalpy – higher, stronger bonding
high charge and small radius
What is a lone pair?
a pair of electrons in the outer shell of an atom which is not involved in covalent bonding
What is a covalent bond?
electrostatic attraction between positively charged nuclei of both atoms and the shared pair of electrons
What is a covalent bond in terms of orbitals?
two atomic orbitals overlap so that the electrons are paired up in a molecular orbital
see page 8 for diagrams
What is a coordination bond?
both electrons come from the same atom
How to find formal charge?
(number of valence electrons in uncombined atom) - 1/2 (number of bonding electrons) - (number of non-bonding electrons)
What is the preferred Lewis formula?
FC closest to 0
What is the shape of a molecule and the bond angle with 2 electron domains? Draw it
linear
180°
See page 13
What is the shape of a molecule and the bond angle with 3 electron domains? Draw it
Trigonal Planar
120°
See page 13
What is the shape of a molecule and the bond angle with 4 electron domains? Draw it
Tetrahedral
109.5°
See page 13
What is the shape of a molecule and the bond angle with 5 electron domains? Draw it
trigonal bipyramidal
90° & 120°
See page 13
What is the shape of a molecule and the bond angle with 6 electron domains? Draw it
Octahedral
90°
See page 13
What is the actual shape of 2 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair; 3, 1; 2, 2; 4, 1; 3, 2; 2, 3; 5, 1; 4, 2
bent
trigonal pyramidal
bent
see-saw
t-shaped
linear
square pyramidal
square planar
