Bolshevik consolidation of power 1918-24 Flashcards
What was Trotsky appointed as after the revolution?
Commissar for War
What negotiations did Trotsky lead?
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
What did Trotsky form in 1918?
the Red Army
How many troops were in the Red Army by 1921?
5 million
What was Trotsky prepared to use?
Tsarist officers of proven quality
What did Trotsky do to provide powerful leadership?
he toured all the fronts in his armoured train
Name 3 forces Trotsky fought against in 1919
Denikin, Kolchak and Yudenich
What did Trotsky suppress in 1921?
The Kronstadt Mutiny in 1921
How did Lenin outwit the SRs in January 1918?
he dissolved the Constituent Assembly
How did Lenin rule?
by decree
What are 3 main decrees of Lenin?
Land Decree, Workers Control Decree and the Rights of the People of Russia Decree
What was one tool Lenin used to help him rule?
the CHEKA
What was Lenin’s first economic policy?
War Communism
What did War Communism provide?
essential food and supplies for the troops
When was NEP introduced?
1921
What did NEP allow Lenin to do?
to quell internal opposition
What were 3 of the main features of War Communism?
- Grain Requisitioning
- Ban of private trade
- Nationalisation of industry
- Labour discipline
- Rationing
What was set up in 1918 to do with grain requisitioning?
a Food Supplies Dictatorship
What was the Food Supplies Dictatorship?
It was set up ti establish the forcible requisitioning of grain as the standard policy
How did the peasants react to the Food Supplies Dictatorship?
the peasants resisted bitterly
What did the banning of private trade mean in War Communism?
all private trade and manufacture were banned
What developed as a result of the ban of private trade?
a huge black marked developed, without which most people could not have survived
What did the Nationalisation of Industry mean in War Communism?
all industry was brought under state control and administered by the Supreme Council of National Economy
What was the Supreme Council of national Economy known as?
Vesenkha
What were worker’s committees replaced by under the nationalisation of industry?
replaced by single managers reporting to central authorities
Why were not all worker’s against nationalisation of industry?
faced with the closure of their factory, they were desperate to keep their jobs
What was introduced with the labour discipline of War Communism?
- fines for lateness and absenteeism
- internal passports introduced
- piece-work rates were brought back
- bonuses and a work book which was needed to get rations
Who were the smallest rations given to in War Com.?
the burzhui or middle classes
What were the middle classes referred to in War Communism?
‘the former people’
What was the element of War Communism used to deal with opposition?
Red Terror
When were the Tsar and his family shot?
17th July 1918
How were the royal family killed?
Shot and their bodies drenched in acid then thrown into a mine shaft - later buried
What is the recorded figure for deaths from the Cheka 1918-2-
nearly 15,000
what is the real figure closer to?
500,000
What did NEP allow?
private trade
How long was NEP meant to last?
it was always meant to be a temporary measure
How much did cereal production increase by compared to 1920?
23%
How much did factory output rise by?
200%
What was the average monthly wage of an urban worker in 1921?
10.2 roubles
What was the average monthly wage of an urban worker in 1923?
15.9 roubles
What else saw a rise in output?
Coal, steel, finished cloth and electricity
How much had grain production risen by in comparison to 1920?
over 25%
How many hectares of land was farmed in 1922?
77.7 million hectares
How many hectares of land was farmed in 1923?
91.7 million hectares
How many hectares of land was farmed in 1921?
90.3 million hectares
How much of the retail trade was handled by NEPMEN by 1923?
3/4
How may private traders in Moscow alone
25,000
By 1928, how many tons of grain short ws the USSR to feed the towns?
20 million tons
When was the Scissors Crisis?
1923
How would NEP be described?
it helped to stabilise Russia, but was not a long-term solution
