Bof

Question 1

ARPANET

Answer 1

first operational packet-switching networks

developed by ARPA (1960s)
Connects computers -> research institutions

allow communication + share resources within computers.

Question 2

IMPs
Interface Message Processors

Answer 2

installed at each connected facility in the ARPANET

= intermediaries between network and»host»computer.

responsible for removing the burden of processing from the host computer

verify safe delivery of packets

retransmit them if necessary
control rate of data flow.

Question 3

TCP/IP Model

Answer 3

network protocol suite
allow communication on the Internet through 4 layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access.
prioritized robustness/flexibility => enabling Internet to scale/adapt to different technologies and network sizes.
allowed for the creation of a loose arrangement of connected but autonomous networks
=> forming the foundation of the Internet.

Question 4

Networking Infrastructure

Answer 4

cables
radio equipment
satellite connections
=> enable a network to transmit data between computers
=> allow for communication across different networks.

Question 5

Open standards network

Answer 5

allow use of equipment/technologies from multiple suppliers
while maintaining strict central control
avoids monopolies in networking equipment
promotes competition

Question 6

Gateway machines

Answer 6

devices that bridge various networks together
=> enable communication between different networks by streamlining the functions of the gateway computers + maintaining routing tables with the addresses of computers on their own local networks.

Question 7

(-) Network adapter

Answer 7

converts signals into electrical signals for transmission and vice versa
interface between computers/devices and the network
MAC address -> unique address assigned to each network adapter, used for regulated access to the network medium and identifying stations connected to the same channel

Question 8

(-) Hub

Answer 8

facilitates data sharing between computers within a network (central server)
used in star topology

Question 9

(-) Switch

Answer 9

better version of hub
examines the destination address
redirects the packet to the destination alone
=> allowing for more effective bandwidth utilization

Question 10

Intranet

Answer 10

personalized version of Internet
only accessible within an organization
protected by a firewall if connected to the internet

Question 11

Extranet

Answer 11

partially accessible intranet
allows authorized outsiders to access certain parts of the intranet, with access controlled by a firewall

Question 12

OSI model

Answer 12

conceptual framework
explain communication system into 7 layers
allows for easier troubleshooting, scalability, and interoperability

Question 13

(-) Physical Layer:

Answer 13

transmission of raw bit over the physical medium (cables/wireless signals).

Question 14

(-) Data Link Layer:

Answer 14

validity + integrity of data transmission between nodes
divides raw bits into frames
handles physical addressing, flow control, error notification, topology.

Question 15

(-) Network Layer:

Answer 15

routing + addressing data
determines best path for data packets to reach their destination.

Question 16

(-) Transport Layer:

Answer 16

reliable + transparent transfer of data
uses protocols like TCP/ UDP for transport.

Question 17

(-) Session Layer:

Answer 17

establishes, manages, terminates connections between applications
synchronization + checkpointing of data exchange.

Question 18

(-) Presentation Layer:

Answer 18

data representation
encryption
ensures that data is properly formatted/encrypted -> secure transmission.

Question 19

(-) Application Layer:

Answer 19

interfaces a user with the network
provides services + protocols for applications to interact with the network.

Question 20

Blockchain characteristics

Answer 20

Shared ledger -> everyone has a copy of the same transaction records
Blocks of Transactions -> transactions are grouped into blocks and added to the chain in chronological order
Highly Secure + Transparent -> difficult to change blocks
Verification by Consensus -> transactions verified/accepted by the network before being added to the chain

Question 21

4 Linked Data Principles

Answer 21

Tim Berners-Lee 2007
(1) using URIs as names for things
(2) using HTTP URIs to look up those names
(3) providing useful information using RDF standards
(4) links to other URIs to discover more things

Question 22

Web 3.0 (Semantic Web)

Answer 22

collaborative movement led by (W3C)
provide a common framework for sharing + reusing data across different applications, enterprises, and communities
understand + respond to complex human requests based on the meaning of the data
built on technologies like RDF and RDF Schema
aims to make the meaning of data explicit and structured

Question 23

Web 4.0

Answer 23

next generation of the WWW
intelligent agent
can read and understand web content
making decisions and executing tasks

Question 24

Web Browsers

Answer 24

software application
allows users to access + view web pages on the WWW
act as an interface between the user and the WWW
enable navigation, interaction with web content, and various tasks
Ex : Mosaic, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Safari

Question 25

HTML

Answer 25

standard markup language used for creating web pages and applications

Question 26

HTTP

Answer 26

protocol that allows for the retrieval and transfer of information on the WWW

Question 27

URI

Answer 27

string of characters that identifies a resource on the internet

include URLs + URNs