BOE test (adding unit 3,) Flashcards
Study (159 cards)
1
Q
What is Hindsight Bias
A
when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred
2
Q
What is a Operational Definition
A
specifies how a concept is observed and measured in a study
3
Q
What is a Case Study
A
A research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject, or case, usually an individual or a small group.
4
Q
What is a Naturalistic Observation
A
Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment.
5
Q
What is a Survey
A
A technique where questions are asked to subjects who report their own answers.
6
Q
What is a Experimental Group
A
the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
7
Q
What is a Population
A
the entire group of individuals about which we want information
8
Q
What is a Random Sample
A
every member of a population has the same chance of being selected for study.
9
Q
What is a Representative Sample
A
a sample that most clearly mirrors the population that is being studied
10
Q
What is a Control Group
A
the set that does not receive the variable and is used as a benchmark to measure how other tested subjects do.
11
Q
What is a Convenience Sample
A
Using a group of participants not randomly selected but invited to participate because they are easily contactable.
12
Q
What is a Random Assignment
A
every participant having an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group
13
Q
What is a Double-Blind Procedure
A
when neither the participant in the study nor the person giving the study know who is the control group and who is in the experimental group
14
Q
What is a Placebo
A
a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit.
15
Q
What is a Independent Variable
A
the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment.
16
Q
What is a Dependent Variable
A
the variable that measures the outcome of the experiment
17
Q
What is Standard Deviation
A
the average amount of variability in your dataset
18
Q
What is Quanatative Measures
A
an approach used in psychology to collect and analyze numerical data.
19
Q
What is Statistical Significance
A
measures the probability hypothesis being true and the results not being a fluke
20
Q
What is Effect Size
A
Tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is.
21
Q
What is a Qualatative Measures
A
measure’s behaviors such as dialogue, body language, and other observations.
22
Q
What is Meta-analysis
A
to draw an overall conclusion
cheese
23
Q
What is the just-world phenomenon
A
The tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.
24
Q
What is altruism
A
Altruism is the selfless concern for the well-being of others
25
What is social loafing
the tendency for people to put in less effort when working on a task as a group, compared to when working alone
26
What is the bystander effect
the more people who witness someone in distress, the less likely someone is to intervene.
27
What is reciprocity norm
a social rule that people should return favors and other acts of kindness
28
What is conflict
a disagreement, between two or more elements that are contradictory.
29
What is social trap
a situation in which actions are taken because of short-term benefits that lead to long-term consequence
30
What is ingroup vs. outgroup phenomenon
describes the fact that we tend to judge and treat people who are like us more favorably than people who are different from us
31
What is out-group homogeneity bias
the perception that individuals in an outgroup are more similar (homogeneous) than they really are, as compared to members of one's ingroup
32
What is diffusion of responsibility
the phenomenon such that when there are multiple people present, each individual feels less of a responsibility for the situation
33
What is deindividuation
Tendency for people to lose individuality, often
because one is a member of a group
34
What is social responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those who need assistance even if doing so may not offer any visible reward.
35
What is stanford prison experiment
a two-week simulation of a prison environment . that aimed to investigate the how people will go into thier roles
36
What is groupthink
a phenomenon which members of a group will conform to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions
37
What is social facilitation
the phenomenon where the presence of other people can enhance an individual's performance on a task
38
What is Asch experiment
The Asch conformity experiments consisted of a group “vision test”, where study participants were found to be more likely to conform to obviously wrong answers if first given by other “participants”, who were actually working for the experimenter
39
What is Milgram Study
tested how far people would go to obey authority, even when it meant hurting others
40
What is the foot-in-the-door technique
begins with a small request to encourage compliance with a larger request.
41
What is obedience
changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure.
42
What is fundamental attribution error
the tendency people have to attribute others' actions to their character, ignoring the impact that situational factors might have on that behavior
43
What is conformity
the process whereby people change them selves to fit in with the group.
44
What are neurons
nerve cells that send messages all over your body
45
What are axon
carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
46
What are soma
The part of a neuron that contains its nucleus and other standard cellular structures.
47
What are dendrites
Dendrites are the message receiving part of a neuron
48
What are action potential
occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body
49
What are reuptake
Reuptake is reabsorption of neurotransmitter into the neuron.
50
What are myelin sheath
an insulating layer around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord(It increases nureal impulse)
51
What are endorphins
Endorphins are hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress.
52
What are endocrine system
a system of glands that secretes hormones into the circulatory system
53
What are pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is considered the "master gland" of the endocrine system(it realeaes hormones)
54
What are glutamate
an excitatory neurotransmitter (that increases brain activity and plays a key role in learning and memory.)
55
What are dopamine
the “feel-good” hormone
56
What are acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction.
57
What are norepinephrine
a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
58
What are GABA
GABA's primary function is to slow down brain activity and promote relaxation,
59
What is serotonin
nuerotranmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
60
What is the Cerebral cortex
the outer layer of your brain's surface, located on top of the cerebrum.
61
What is the Corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. Split Brain.
62
What is the Reticular formation
reticular formation contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breath and pain receptors
63
What is the Thalamus
your body's information relay station
64
What is the Hypothalamus
Regulator of biological needs
65
What is the Medulla
It is responsible for various brain activities that involve the autonomic nervous response
66
What is the Cerebellum
plays a role in motor control and movement
67
What is the Hippocampus
It makes long term meomeries
68
What is the Amygdala
THe center of emotion and fear
69
What is the Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of our brain🧠 and spinal cord
70
What is the Peripheral nervous system
involved in the giving of sensory and motor information to and from the CNS;
71
What is Sensation
The process by which sensory receptors receive information from the environment
72
What is Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
73
What is Bottom up processing
when the brain processes sensory information and uses clues to understand stimuli.
74
What is Top down processing
perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge
75
What is Absolute threshold
An absolute threshold is the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time.
76
What is Just noticeable difference/difference threshold
The smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.
77
What is Signal detection theory
the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual
78
What is Cocktail party effect
the ability to focus one's auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli,
79
What is Selective attention
allows one to focus on certain specific sensory information, while ignoring other sensory input.
80
What is Circadian rhythm
our internal clock, controlling our temperature and wakefulness in 24-hour cycles.
81
What is Sleep apnea
a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep
82
What is Night terrors
a sleep disorder in which a person quickly awakens from sleep in a terrified state
83
What is Insomnia
a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both
84
What is Narcolepsy
a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, often with episodes of falling asleep suddenly during the day.
85
What is Somnambulism
a condition where a person walks or performs other activities while they are asleep.
86
What is Delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
87
What is Sleep spindles
Bursts of neural activity that take place in stage 2 of NREM sleep
88
What is Alpha waves
Alpha waves are usually observed in relaxed states with minimal mental activity, especially during wakefulness.
89
What is REM sleep
the stage of sleep in which we dream.And we have rapid eye movement
90
What is Information processing theory
a cognitive theory that describes how individuals perceive, interpret, and remember information
91
What is Physiological functioning theory
believes that dreams are a means of keeping our neural pathways stimulated and preserved while we sleep.
92
What is REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
93
shaping
the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur.
94
partial/intermittent reinforcement
a learning technique that only reinforces a desired behavior part of the time
95
continuous reinforcement
a schedule that rewards a desired behavior every time it occurs
96
positive reinforcement
When a response or behavior is strengthened by rewards, leading to the repetition of the desired behavior
97
negative reinforcement
the idea of taking away an unwanted stimulus in order to encourage good behavior
98
operant conditioning
learning process that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior
99
Little Albert experiment
a little child could be conditioned to fear a stimulus that the child was not previously afraid of, which is also known as a neutral stimulus.
100
B.F. Skinner
BF Skinner was a psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning
101
classical conditioning
learning through association/a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
102
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov's experiment discoved classical conditioning
103
Bobo Doll Experiment
a series of experiments conducted by psychologist Albert Bandura to study how children learn behaviors through observation
104
Observational Learning
a type of learning that happens indirectly through a process of watching others and then imitating, or modeling
105
modeling
The act of observing and imitating behaviors
106
habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
107
cognitive map
a mental representation of a person's environment, and the relationships between its parts
108
James-Lange Theory
we have an emotional response and then we feel the physiological response,
109
Cannon-Bard Theory
that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time.
110
Schachter-Singer Theory
there is a arousal and a subsequent cognitive identification of the emotion
111
Yerkes-Dodson Law
a model of the relationship between stress and task performance
112
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
113
Mnemonic device
a technique used to enhance memory and recall
114
chunking
process by which the mind divides large pieces of information into smaller units (chunks) that are easier to retain in short-term memory
115
serial positioning effect
the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle
116
proactive interference
when it becomes harder to recall new information because of old information in the past
117
retroactive interference
when new information makes it harder to recall old information.
118
retrograde amnesia
the inability to recall memories from before the onset of the amnesia
119
anterograde amnesia
when an individual is unable to form new memories
120
working/short term memory
the temporary storage of information in memory
121
long term memory
a system in the brain that stores information and skills that can last for years
122
encoding/storage/retrieval
the three stages of memory: The process of learning new information, The process of maintaining information over time,The process of accessing stored information when needed
122
recall
the mental process of retrieving information from the past
123
recognition
a memory process where an individual identifies something as familiar when encountering it again
| bread
124
gambler's fallacy
the belief that the chances of something happening with a fixed probability become higher or lower as the process is repeated
125
sunk-cost fallacy
the tendency for people to continue an endeavor or course of action even when abandoning it would be more beneficial.
126
misinformation effect
the tendency for the information you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory of what happened
127
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget is a prominent figure known for his "theory of cognitive development
128
schemas
a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information based on their past experiences
129
assimilation
a person incorporates new information into their schemas
130
accomodation
modifies their existing schemas to incorporate new information that don't fit within their current understanding
131
sensorimotor stage
first stage of cognitive development where infants primarily learn about the world through their senses and motor actions, children develop key concepts like object permanence
132
object permanence
the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen or perceived by the senses
133
preoperational stage
the second stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children begin to use language to represent objects and ideas, but still lack the ability to perform logical operations like conservation, often demonstrating egocentric thinking
134
conservation
a child's cognitive ability to understand that a substance's quantity (like volume or mass) remains the same even when its appearance or shape changes,
135
reversibility
Reversibility is the cognitive ability to understand that actions can be reversed, leading to the same or original state.
136
concrete operational stage
3rd a developmental phase in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development where children begin to think logically about concrete events and situations, demonstrating an understanding of concepts like conservation and reversibility, but still struggle with abstract ideas.
137
formal operational stage
the final stage of cognitive development in Jean Piaget's theory, typically beginning around age 12, where individuals develop the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically, allowing them to solve complex problems and engage in hypothetical reasoning
138
attachment vs. imprinting
"attachment" refers to the gradual, emotional bond formed between an infant and their caregiver, while "imprinting" is a rapid, irreversible bond formed by a young animal with the first moving object they see shortly after birth
139
nature vs. nurture
a long-standing debate that explores the relative influence of genetic factors ("nature") and environmental factors ("nurture") on an individual's development and behavior
140
phonemes
the smallest distinctive unit of sound in a language
141
morphemes
the smallest unit of meaning within a word
142
DSM-5
a widely used manual that provides a standardized system for diagnosing mental disorders
143
Characteristics of a disorder
The characteristics of a disorder is that the behavior is deviant,distressful and dysfunctional
144
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAS)
a mental health condition characterized by persistent and excessive worry and anxiety about a wide range of everyday things
145
Phobia
a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational fear of a specific object,or thing
146
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
a mental health condition characterized by
unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that individuals feel compelled to perform to reduce anxiety
147
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, leading to persistent symptoms like flashbacks, nightmares
148
Major Depressive Disorder
a common mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest in activities, and other symptoms
149
Bipolar Disorder
a mental condition marked by alternating periods of elation and depression.
150
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
151
Delusions
a false belief or judgment about external reality,
152
Hallucinations
an experience involving the apparent perception of something not present
153
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states.
154
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder causing people to obsess about weight and what they eat.
155
Bulimia Nervosa
A serious eating disorder marked by binging, followed by methods to avoid weight gain.
156
Exposure Therapy/Systematic Desensitization
a type of behavioral therapy that involves gradually exposing individuals to feared situations or stimuli while they practice relaxation techniques to manage anxiety
157
Aversion Therapy
a behavioral technique that aims to reduce unwanted behaviors by associating them with unpleasant or aversive stimuli
158
Biomedical Therapy
uses physiological treatments such as medications to treat psychological disorders
