BOE test (adding unit 3,) Flashcards
Study
What is Hindsight Bias
when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred
What is a Operational Definition
defines the variable in specific terms as to how it will be measured
What is a Case Study
A research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject, or case, usually an individual or a small group.
What is a Naturalistic Observation
Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment.
What is a Survey
A technique where questions are asked to subjects who report their own answers.
What is a Experimental Group
the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested
What is a Population
the entire group of individuals about which we want information
What is a Random Sample
every member of a population has the same chance of being selected for study.
What is a Representative Sample
a sample that most clearly mirrors the population that is being studied
What is a Control Group
the set that does not receive the variable and is used as a benchmark to measure how other tested subjects do.
What is a Convenience Sample
Using a group of participants not randomly selected but invited to participate because they are easily contactable.
What is a Random Assignment
every participant having an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group
What is a Double-Blind Procedure
when neither the participant in the study nor the person giving the study know who is the control group and who is in the experimental group
What is a Placebo
a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit.
What is a Independent Variable
the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment.
What is a Dependent Variable
the variable that measures the outcome of the experiment
What is Standard Deviation
the average amount of variability in your dataset
What is Quanatative Measures
an approach used in psychology to collect and analyze numerical data.
What is Statistical Significance
measures the probability hypothesis being true and the results not being a fluke
What is Effect Size
Tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is.
What is a Qualatative Measures
measure’s behaviors such as dialogue, body language, and other observations.
What is Meta-analysis
to draw an overall conclusion
cheese
What is the just-world phenomenon
The tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.
What is altruism
Altruism is the selfless concern for the well-being of others
What is social loafing
the tendency for people to put in less effort when working on a task as a group, compared to when working alone
What is the bystander effect
the more people who witness someone in distress, the less likely someone is to intervene.
What is reciprocity norm
a social rule that people should return favors and other acts of kindness
What is conflict
a disagreement, between two or more elements that are contradictory.
What is social trap
a situation in which actions are taken because of short-term benefits that lead to long-term consequence
What is ingroup vs. outgroup phenomenon
describes the fact that we tend to judge and treat people who are like us more favorably than people who are different from us
What is out-group homogeneity bias
the perception that individuals in an outgroup are more similar (homogeneous) than they really are, as compared to members of one’s ingroup
What is diffusion of responsibility
the phenomenon such that when there are multiple people present, each individual feels less of a responsibility for the situation
What is deindividuation
Tendency for people to lose individuality, often
because one is a member of a group
What is social responsibility norm
An expectation that people will help those who need assistance even if doing so may not offer any visible reward.
What is stanford prison experiment
a two-week simulation of a prison environment . that aimed to investigate the how people will go into thier roles
What is groupthink
a phenomenon which members of a group will conform to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions
What is social facilitation
the phenomenon where the presence of other people can enhance an individual’s performance on a task
What is Asch experiment
The Asch conformity experiments consisted of a group “vision test”, where study participants were found to be more likely to conform to obviously wrong answers if first given by other “participants”, who were actually working for the experimenter
What is Milgram Study
tested how far people would go to obey authority, even when it meant hurting others
What is the foot-in-the-door technique
begins with a small request to encourage compliance with a larger request.
What is obedience
changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure.
What is fundamental attribution error
the tendency people have to attribute others’ actions to their character, ignoring the impact that situational factors might have on that behavior
What is conformity
the process whereby people change them selves to fit in with the group.
What are neurons
nerve cells that send messages all over your body
What are axon
carries nerve impulses away from the cell body
What are soma
The part of a neuron that contains its nucleus and other standard cellular structures.
What are dendrites
Dendrites are the message receiving part of a neuron
What are action potential
occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body
What are reuptake
Reuptake is reabsorption of neurotransmitter into the neuron.
What are myelin sheath
an insulating layer around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord(It increases nureal impulse)
What are endorphins
Endorphins are hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress.
What are endocrine system
a system of glands that secretes hormones into the circulatory system
What are pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is considered the “master gland” of the endocrine system(it realeaes hormones)
What are glutamate
an excitatory neurotransmitter (that increases brain activity and plays a key role in learning and memory.)
What are dopamine
the “feel-good” hormone
What are acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction.
What are norepinephrine
a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress
What are GABA
GABA’s primary function is to slow down brain activity and promote relaxation,
What is serotonin
nuerotranmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
What is the Cerebral cortex
the outer layer of your brain’s surface, located on top of the cerebrum.
What is the Corpus callosum
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. Split Brain.
What is the Reticular formation
reticular formation contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes breeath and pain receptors
What is the Thalamus
your body’s information relay station
What is the Hypothalamus
Regulator of biological needs
What is the Medulla
It is responsible for various brain activities that involve the autonomic nervous response
What is the Cerebellum
plays a role in motor control and movement
What is the Hippocampus
It makes long term meomeries
What is the Amygdala
THe center of emotion and fear
What is the Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of our brain🧠 and spinal cord
What is the Peripheral nervous system
involved in the giving of sensory and motor information to and from the CNS;
What is Sensation
The process by which sensory receptors receive information from the environment
What is Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
What is Bottom up processing
when the brain processes sensory information and uses clues to understand stimuli.
What is Top down processing
perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge
What is Absolute threshold
An absolute threshold is the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time.
What is Just noticeable difference/difference threshold
The smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.
What is Signal detection theory
the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual
What is Cocktail party effect
the ability to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli,
What is Selective attention
allows one to focus on certain specific sensory information, while ignoring other sensory input.
What is Circadian rhythm
our internal clock, controlling our temperature and wakefulness in 24-hour cycles.
What is Sleep apnea
a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep
What is Night terrors
a sleep disorder in which a person quickly awakens from sleep in a terrified state
What is Insomnia
a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both
What is Narcolepsy
a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, often with episodes of falling asleep suddenly during the day.
What is Somnambulism
a condition where a person walks or performs other activities while they are asleep.
What is Delta waves
the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.
What is Sleep spindles
Bursts of neural activity that take place in stage 2 of NREM sleep
What is Alpha waves
Alpha waves are usually observed in relaxed states with minimal mental activity, especially during wakefulness.
What is REM sleep
the stage of sleep in which we dream.And we have rapid eye movement
What is Information processing theory
a cognitive theory that describes how individuals perceive, interpret, and remember information
What is Physiological functioning theory
believes that dreams are a means of keeping our neural pathways stimulated and preserved while we sleep.
What is REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
shaping
the process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur.
partial/intermittent reinforcement
a learning technique that only reinforces a desired behavior part of the time
continuous reinforcement
a schedule that rewards a desired behavior every time it occurs
positive reinforcement
When a response or behavior is strengthened by rewards, leading to the repetition of the desired behavior
negative reinforcement
the idea of taking away an unwanted stimulus in order to encourage good behavior
operant conditioning
learning process that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior
Little Albert experiment
a little child could be conditioned to fear a stimulus that the child was not previously afraid of, which is also known as a neutral stimulus.
B.F. Skinner
BF Skinner was a psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning
classical conditioning
learning through association/a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s experiment discoved classical conditioning
Bobo Doll Experiment
a series of experiments conducted by psychologist Albert Bandura to study how children learn behaviors through observation
Observational Learning
a type of learning that happens indirectly through a process of watching others and then imitating, or modeling
modeling
The act of observing and imitating behaviors
habituation
a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
cognitive map
a mental representation of a person’s environment, and the relationships between its parts
James-Lange Theory
we have an emotional response and then we feel the physiological response,
Cannon-Bard Theory
that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time.
Schachter-Singer Theory
there is a arousal and a subsequent cognitive identification of the emotion
Yerkes-Dodson Law
a model of the relationship between stress and task performance
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. It has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
Mnemonic device
a technique used to enhance memory and recall
chunking
process by which the mind divides large pieces of information into smaller units (chunks) that are easier to retain in short-term memory
serial positioning effect
the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle
proactive interference
when it becomes harder to recall new information because of old information in the past
retroactive interference
when new information makes it harder to recall old information.
retrograde amnesia
the inability to recall memories from before the onset of the amnesia
anterograde amnesia
when an individual is unable to form new memories
working/short term memory
the temporary storage of information in memory
long term memory
a system in the brain that stores information and skills that can last for years
encoding/storage/retrieval
the three stages of memory: The process of learning new information, The process of maintaining information over time,The process of accessing stored information when needed
recall
the mental process of retrieving information from the past
recognition
a memory process where an individual identifies something as familiar when encountering it again
bread
gambler’s fallacy
the belief that the chances of something happening with a fixed probability become higher or lower as the process is repeated
sunk-cost fallacy
the tendency for people to continue an endeavor or course of action even when abandoning it would be more beneficial.
misinformation effect
the tendency for the information you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory of what happened
