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Ap pscology > BOE test (adding unit 3,) > Flashcards

BOE test (adding unit 3,) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Hindsight Bias

A

when you think you knew something all along after the outcome has occurred

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2
Q

What is a Operational Definition

A

defines the variable in specific terms as to how it will be measured

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3
Q

What is a Case Study

A

A research design involving an in-depth and detailed examination of a single subject, or case, usually an individual or a small group.

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4
Q

What is a Naturalistic Observation

A

Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment.

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5
Q

What is a Survey

A

A technique where questions are asked to subjects who report their own answers.

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6
Q

What is a Experimental Group

A

the group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested

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7
Q

What is a Population

A

the entire group of individuals about which we want information

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8
Q

What is a Random Sample

A

every member of a population has the same chance of being selected for study.

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9
Q

What is a Representative Sample

A

a sample that most clearly mirrors the population that is being studied

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10
Q

What is a Control Group

A

the set that does not receive the variable and is used as a benchmark to measure how other tested subjects do.

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11
Q

What is a Convenience Sample

A

Using a group of participants not randomly selected but invited to participate because they are easily contactable.

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12
Q

What is a Random Assignment

A

every participant having an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group

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13
Q

What is a Double-Blind Procedure

A

when neither the participant in the study nor the person giving the study know who is the control group and who is in the experimental group

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14
Q

What is a Placebo

A

a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit.

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15
Q

What is a Independent Variable

A

the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment.

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16
Q

What is a Dependent Variable

A

the variable that measures the outcome of the experiment

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17
Q

What is Standard Deviation

A

the average amount of variability in your dataset

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18
Q

What is Quanatative Measures

A

an approach used in psychology to collect and analyze numerical data.

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19
Q

What is Statistical Significance

A

measures the probability hypothesis being true and the results not being a fluke

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20
Q

What is Effect Size

A

Tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is.

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21
Q

What is a Qualatative Measures

A

measure’s behaviors such as dialogue, body language, and other observations.

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22
Q

What is Meta-analysis

A

to draw an overall conclusion

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23
Q

What is the just-world phenomenon

A

The tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.

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24
Q

What is altruism

A

Altruism is the selfless concern for the well-being of others

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25
Q

What is social loafing

A

the tendency for people to put in less effort when working on a task as a group, compared to when working alone

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26
Q

What is the bystander effect

A

the more people who witness someone in distress, the less likely someone is to intervene.

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27
Q

What is reciprocity norm

A

a social rule that people should return favors and other acts of kindness

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28
Q

What is conflict

A

a disagreement, between two or more elements that are contradictory.

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29
Q

What is social trap

A

a situation in which actions are taken because of short-term benefits that lead to long-term consequence

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30
Q

What is ingroup vs. outgroup phenomenon

A

describes the fact that we tend to judge and treat people who are like us more favorably than people who are different from us

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31
Q

What is out-group homogeneity bias

A

the perception that individuals in an outgroup are more similar (homogeneous) than they really are, as compared to members of one’s ingroup

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32
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility

A

the phenomenon such that when there are multiple people present, each individual feels less of a responsibility for the situation

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33
Q

What is deindividuation

A

Tendency for people to lose individuality, often
because one is a member of a group

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34
Q

What is social responsibility norm

A

An expectation that people will help those who need assistance even if doing so may not offer any visible reward.

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35
Q

What is stanford prison experiment

A

a two-week simulation of a prison environment . that aimed to investigate the how people will go into thier roles

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36
Q

What is groupthink

A

a phenomenon which members of a group will conform to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions

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37
Q

What is social facilitation

A

the phenomenon where the presence of other people can enhance an individual’s performance on a task

38
Q

What is Asch experiment

A

The Asch conformity experiments consisted of a group “vision test”, where study participants were found to be more likely to conform to obviously wrong answers if first given by other “participants”, who were actually working for the experimenter

39
Q

What is Milgram Study

A

tested how far people would go to obey authority, even when it meant hurting others

40
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door technique

A

begins with a small request to encourage compliance with a larger request.

41
Q

What is obedience

A

changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure.

42
Q

What is fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency people have to attribute others’ actions to their character, ignoring the impact that situational factors might have on that behavior

43
Q

What is conformity

A

the process whereby people change them selves to fit in with the group.

44
Q

What are neurons

A

nerve cells that send messages all over your body

45
Q

What are axon

A

carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

46
Q

What are soma

A

The part of a neuron that contains its nucleus and other standard cellular structures.

47
Q

What are dendrites

A

Dendrites are the message receiving part of a neuron

48
Q

What are action potential

A

occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body

49
Q

What are reuptake

A

Reuptake is reabsorption of neurotransmitter into the neuron.

50
Q

What are myelin sheath

A

an insulating layer around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord(It increases nureal impulse)

51
Q

What are endorphins

A

Endorphins are hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress.

52
Q

What are endocrine system

A

a system of glands that secretes hormones into the circulatory system

53
Q

What are pituitary gland

A

The pituitary gland is considered the “master gland” of the endocrine system(it realeaes hormones)

54
Q

What are glutamate

A

an excitatory neurotransmitter (that increases brain activity and plays a key role in learning and memory.)

55
Q

What are dopamine

A

the “feel-good” hormone

56
Q

What are acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle contraction.

57
Q

What are norepinephrine

A

a chemical released from the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress

58
Q

What are GABA

A

GABA’s primary function is to slow down brain activity and promote relaxation,

59
Q

What is serotonin

A

nuerotranmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

60
Q

What is the Cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of your brain’s surface, located on top of the cerebrum.

61
Q

What is the Corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. Split Brain.

62
Q

What is the Reticular formation

A

reticular formation contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes breeath and pain receptors

63
Q

What is the Thalamus

A

your body’s information relay station

64
Q

What is the Hypothalamus

A

Regulator of biological needs

65
Q

What is the Medulla

A

It is responsible for various brain activities that involve the autonomic nervous response

66
Q

What is the Cerebellum

A

plays a role in motor control and movement

67
Q

What is the Hippocampus

A

It makes long term meomeries

68
Q

What is the Amygdala

A

THe center of emotion and fear

69
Q

What is the Central nervous system

A

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of our brain🧠 and spinal cord

70
Q

What is the Peripheral nervous system

A

involved in the giving of sensory and motor information to and from the CNS;

71
Q

What is Sensation

A

The process by which sensory receptors receive information from the environment

72
Q

What is Perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

73
Q

What is Bottom up processing

A

when the brain processes sensory information and uses clues to understand stimuli.

74
Q

What is Top down processing

A

perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge

75
Q

What is Absolute threshold

A

An absolute threshold is the smallest amount of stimulation needed for a person to detect that stimulus 50% of the time.

76
Q

What is Just noticeable difference/difference threshold

A

The smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.

77
Q

What is Signal detection theory

A

the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual

78
Q

What is Cocktail party effect

A

the ability to focus one’s auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli,

79
Q

What is Selective attention

A

allows one to focus on certain specific sensory information, while ignoring other sensory input.

80
Q

What is Circadian rhythm

A

our internal clock, controlling our temperature and wakefulness in 24-hour cycles.

81
Q

What is Sleep apnea

A

a common sleep disorder characterized by brief interruptions of breathing during sleep

82
Q

What is Night terrors

A

a sleep disorder in which a person quickly awakens from sleep in a terrified state

83
Q

What is Insomnia

A

a common sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both

84
Q

What is Narcolepsy

A

a neurological disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, often with episodes of falling asleep suddenly during the day.

85
Q

What is Somnambulism

A

a condition where a person walks or performs other activities while they are asleep.

86
Q

What is Delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

87
Q

What is Sleep spindles

A

Bursts of neural activity that take place in stage 2 of NREM sleep

88
Q

What is Alpha waves

A

Alpha waves are usually observed in relaxed states with minimal mental activity, especially during wakefulness.

89
Q

What is REM sleep

A

the stage of sleep in which we dream.And we have rapid eye movement

90
Q

What is Information processing theory

A

a cognitive theory that describes how individuals perceive, interpret, and remember information

91
Q

What is Physiological functioning theory

A

believes that dreams are a means of keeping our neural pathways stimulated and preserved while we sleep.

92
Q

What is REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Ap pscology (1 decks)

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