Body Tissues Flashcards
(41 cards)
1
Q
Tissues
A
- Cells are specialized for particular functions
- groups of cells with similar structure and function
2
Q
Four primary types of tissue
A
- epithelium (cells)
- connective tissue
- nervous tissue
- muscle
3
Q
Epithelial tissues (locations and functions)
A
Location
- body coverings
- body linings
- glandular tissue
Function
- protection
- absorption
- filtration
- secretion
4
Q
Epithelium Characteristics
A
- cells fit closely together(form sheets of cells)
- tissue layer always has one free surface
- the lower surface is bound by a basement membrane
- avascular(has no blood supply)
- regenerates easy if well nourished
- forms glands
5
Q
Classification of epithelium (number of cell layers and shape)
A
#
- simple=one layer
- stratified=more than one layer
shape of cells
- squamous=flattened
- cuboidal=cube shaped
- columnar=column like
6
Q
Simple squamous
A
- simple epithelium
- single layer of flat cells
- usually forms membranes
- lines body cavities
- lines lungs and capillaries
- filtration or exchange
7
Q
Simple cuboidal
A
- simple epithelium
- single layer cube like cells
- common in glands and their ducts
- forms walls of kidney tubules
- covers the ovaries
- secretion and absorbtion
8
Q
Simple columnar
A
- simple epithelium
- single layer of tall cells
- often includes goblet, which produce mucus
- lines digestive tract
9
Q
Pseudostratified
A
- simple epithelium
- single layer but some cells are shorter than others
- often looks like a double called layer
- sometimes collated such as the respiratory tract
- many function in absorption or secretion
- goblet
10
Q
Stratified squamous
A
-stratified epithelium
cells at the free edge are flattened
-found as protective covering where friction is common
-locations:skin, mouth, esophagus
11
Q
Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar
A
- two layers of cuboidal cells
- surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size
BOTH
- stratified epithelium
- rare in human body
- found mainly in ducts of large glands
12
Q
Transitional epithelium
A
- stratified epithelium
- shape of cells depends on the amount of stretching
- lines organs of urinary system (bladder)
- modified stratified squamous
13
Q
Glandular epithelium
A
-gland= one or more cells that secreted a specific product
-two major gland types
~endocrine (ductless and secretions are hormones, secretes directly in the blood, thyroid)
~exocrine (empty through ducts to the epithelial surface; includes sweat and oil glands, tear duct)
14
Q
Connective tissue
A
- found everywhere in the body
- includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
- functions= binds body tissue together, supports the body, provides protection, insulation
15
Q
Characteristics of connective tissue
A
- variations in blood supply
- some tissue types are well vascularized (usually well vascularized), some have poor blood supply or are avascular
- extracellular matrix= nonliving material that surrounds living cells
16
Q
Extracelluar matrix
A
two main elements
- ground substance= mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules (carbs and sugars)
- fibers= 3 types (collagen, elastic and reticular)
- collagen fibers give connective tissue tensile strength
17
Q
Bone (osseous tissue)
A
-connective tissue
-composed of:
~bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
~hard matrix of calcium salts
~large numbers of collagen fibers
-used to protect and support the body
looks like a tree; living cells= black dot
18
Q
Hyaline cartilage
A
- connective tissue
- most common cartilage
- composed of abundant collagen fibers and a rubbery matrix
- entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage
- glassy, blue white
- ribs to breastbone, ends of bone
19
Q
Elastic cartilage
A
- connective tissue
- provides elasticity
- supports outer ear
20
Q
Fibrocartilage
A
- connective tissue
- highly compressible
- forms cushion-like disks between vertebrae
21
Q
Dense connective tissue/ dense fibrous tissue
A
- connective tissue
- main matrix element is collagen fibers
- cells are fibroblasts(cells constantly making more fibers)
- rows of fibroblasts that manufacture collagen fibers
- tendons attach muscle to bone
- ligaments attach bone to bone
22
Q
Areolar (loose) connective tissue
A
- connective tissue
- most widely distributed connective tissue
- soft pliable tissue
- contains all fiber (non living) types
- can soak up excess fluid
- more cells, fewer fibers
- cushions body organs
- lamina propria
- underlines all mucous membranes
23
Q
Adipose tissue (fat)
A
- matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
- many cells contain large lipid deposits
- functions= insulate the body, protect some organs, serves as a site of fuel storage
- more cells, fewer fibers
- subcutaneous connective tissue beneath skin
24
Q
Reticular connective tissue
A
- connective tissue
- delicate network of interwoven fibers
- forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
- fibroblasts
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- bone marrow
25
Blood
- connective tissue
- blood cells surrounded by fluid/liquid matrix
- fibers are visible during clotting
- functions as the transport vehicle for materials
26
Muscle tissue
- function is to produce movement
| - three types= skeletal (allows for movement), cardiac, smooth muscle
27
Skeletal muscle
- muscle tissue
- very long
- can be controlled voluntarily
- cells attach to connective tissue
- cells are striated (stripes)
- more than one nucleus (multinucleate)
- attaches to skeleton
28
Cardiac muscle
- muscle tissue
- found only in heart
- function is to pump blood
- involuntary
- cells attach to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks (which allow muscles to communicate with each other and synchronize their contractions), fit at junctions
- cells striated
- one nucleus per cell (uninucleate)
29
Smooth muscle
- muscle tissue
- involuntary
- surrounds hollow organs and found in the walls
- attached to other smooth muscle cells
- no visible striations(lacks them)
- one nucleus per cell
- spindle shaped
- visceral
30
Nervous tissue
- neurons and nerve support cells
- function to send impulses to other area of the body
- irritability (responds to things in environment)
- conductivity (one end of cell can talk to the other)
- cytoplasm drawn out
31
Tissue repair/ wound healing
- regeneration= replacement of destroyed tissue by same kind of cells
- fibrosis= repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
-determination of method depends on type of tissue damaged and severity of injury
32
Events in tissue repair
- inflammation= first step
- capillaries become very permeable, swelling
- introduce clotting proteins (form clot which dries into a scab)
- wall off injured area and new capillaries grow into damaged area
- form of granulation tissue (scaffolding tissue for tissue to grow on top)=pink tissue
- regeneration of surface epithelium and scab detaches
33
Tissues that regenerate easily
- epithelial tissue
- fibrous connective tissue
- bone
34
Tissues that regenerate poorly
-skeletal muscle
35
Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
- cardiac muscle
| - nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
36
Neoplasm
- new growth/kindly
| - an abnormal cell mass that develops when controls of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction
37
Benign
- kindly
- not cancerous; are simple local affairs; tend to be surrounded by a capsule, grow slowly, and seldom kill their hosts, are removed before they compress vital organs
38
Malignant
- bad
- neoplasms/ cancers that are non-encapsulated masses that grow more relentlessly and may become killers. Their cell could resemble immature cells, and they invade their surroundings rather than pushing them aside
39
Metastasis
-ability of malignant cells to break away from the parent mass and spread via the blood to distant parts of the body, where they form new masses
40
Oncogenes
-cancer causing genes
41
Proto-oncogenes
- code for proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth
- many have fragile sites that break when they are exposed to carcinogens and this event converts them to oncogenes (one mutation doesn’t do it, takes several genetic changes to change a normal cell to a cancer cell)
