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Anatomy > Body Tissues > Flashcards

Body Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A
  • Cells are specialized for particular functions

- groups of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

Four primary types of tissue

A
  • epithelium (cells)
  • connective tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • muscle
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3
Q

Epithelial tissues (locations and functions)

A

Location

  • body coverings
  • body linings
  • glandular tissue

Function

  • protection
  • absorption
  • filtration
  • secretion
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4
Q

Epithelium Characteristics

A
  • cells fit closely together(form sheets of cells)
  • tissue layer always has one free surface
  • the lower surface is bound by a basement membrane
  • avascular(has no blood supply)
  • regenerates easy if well nourished
  • forms glands
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5
Q

Classification of epithelium (number of cell layers and shape)

A

#

  • simple=one layer
  • stratified=more than one layer

shape of cells

  • squamous=flattened
  • cuboidal=cube shaped
  • columnar=column like
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6
Q

Simple squamous

A
  • simple epithelium
  • single layer of flat cells
  • usually forms membranes
  • lines body cavities
  • lines lungs and capillaries
  • filtration or exchange
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7
Q

Simple cuboidal

A
  • simple epithelium
  • single layer cube like cells
  • common in glands and their ducts
  • forms walls of kidney tubules
  • covers the ovaries
  • secretion and absorbtion
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8
Q

Simple columnar

A
  • simple epithelium
  • single layer of tall cells
  • often includes goblet, which produce mucus
  • lines digestive tract
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9
Q

Pseudostratified

A
  • simple epithelium
  • single layer but some cells are shorter than others
  • often looks like a double called layer
  • sometimes collated such as the respiratory tract
  • many function in absorption or secretion
  • goblet
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10
Q

Stratified squamous

A

-stratified epithelium
cells at the free edge are flattened
-found as protective covering where friction is common
-locations:skin, mouth, esophagus

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11
Q

Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar

A
  • two layers of cuboidal cells
  • surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size

BOTH

  • stratified epithelium
  • rare in human body
  • found mainly in ducts of large glands
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12
Q

Transitional epithelium

A
  • stratified epithelium
  • shape of cells depends on the amount of stretching
  • lines organs of urinary system (bladder)
  • modified stratified squamous
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13
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

-gland= one or more cells that secreted a specific product
-two major gland types
~endocrine (ductless and secretions are hormones, secretes directly in the blood, thyroid)
~exocrine (empty through ducts to the epithelial surface; includes sweat and oil glands, tear duct)

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14
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • found everywhere in the body
  • includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
  • functions= binds body tissue together, supports the body, provides protection, insulation
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15
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • variations in blood supply
  • some tissue types are well vascularized (usually well vascularized), some have poor blood supply or are avascular
  • extracellular matrix= nonliving material that surrounds living cells
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16
Q

Extracelluar matrix

A

two main elements

  • ground substance= mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules (carbs and sugars)
  • fibers= 3 types (collagen, elastic and reticular)
  • collagen fibers give connective tissue tensile strength
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17
Q

Bone (osseous tissue)

A

-connective tissue
-composed of:
~bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
~hard matrix of calcium salts
~large numbers of collagen fibers
-used to protect and support the body
looks like a tree; living cells= black dot

18
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • connective tissue
  • most common cartilage
  • composed of abundant collagen fibers and a rubbery matrix
  • entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage
  • glassy, blue white
  • ribs to breastbone, ends of bone
19
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • connective tissue
  • provides elasticity
  • supports outer ear
20
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • connective tissue
  • highly compressible
  • forms cushion-like disks between vertebrae
21
Q

Dense connective tissue/ dense fibrous tissue

A
  • connective tissue
  • main matrix element is collagen fibers
  • cells are fibroblasts(cells constantly making more fibers)
  • rows of fibroblasts that manufacture collagen fibers
  • tendons attach muscle to bone
  • ligaments attach bone to bone
22
Q

Areolar (loose) connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue
  • most widely distributed connective tissue
  • soft pliable tissue
  • contains all fiber (non living) types
  • can soak up excess fluid
  • more cells, fewer fibers
  • cushions body organs
  • lamina propria
  • underlines all mucous membranes
23
Q

Adipose tissue (fat)

A
  • matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
  • many cells contain large lipid deposits
  • functions= insulate the body, protect some organs, serves as a site of fuel storage
  • more cells, fewer fibers
  • subcutaneous connective tissue beneath skin
24
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue
  • delicate network of interwoven fibers
  • forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
  • fibroblasts
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
25
Q

Blood

A
  • connective tissue
  • blood cells surrounded by fluid/liquid matrix
  • fibers are visible during clotting
  • functions as the transport vehicle for materials
26
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • function is to produce movement

- three types= skeletal (allows for movement), cardiac, smooth muscle

27
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • muscle tissue
  • very long
  • can be controlled voluntarily
  • cells attach to connective tissue
  • cells are striated (stripes)
  • more than one nucleus (multinucleate)
  • attaches to skeleton
28
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • muscle tissue
  • found only in heart
  • function is to pump blood
  • involuntary
  • cells attach to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks (which allow muscles to communicate with each other and synchronize their contractions), fit at junctions
  • cells striated
  • one nucleus per cell (uninucleate)
29
Q

Smooth muscle

A
  • muscle tissue
  • involuntary
  • surrounds hollow organs and found in the walls
  • attached to other smooth muscle cells
  • no visible striations(lacks them)
  • one nucleus per cell
  • spindle shaped
  • visceral
30
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • neurons and nerve support cells
  • function to send impulses to other area of the body
  • irritability (responds to things in environment)
  • conductivity (one end of cell can talk to the other)
  • cytoplasm drawn out
31
Q

Tissue repair/ wound healing

A
  • regeneration= replacement of destroyed tissue by same kind of cells
  • fibrosis= repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)

-determination of method depends on type of tissue damaged and severity of injury

32
Q

Events in tissue repair

A
  • inflammation= first step
  • capillaries become very permeable, swelling
  • introduce clotting proteins (form clot which dries into a scab)
  • wall off injured area and new capillaries grow into damaged area
  • form of granulation tissue (scaffolding tissue for tissue to grow on top)=pink tissue
  • regeneration of surface epithelium and scab detaches
33
Q

Tissues that regenerate easily

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • bone
34
Q

Tissues that regenerate poorly

A

-skeletal muscle

35
Q

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

A
  • cardiac muscle

- nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

Neoplasm

A
  • new growth/kindly

- an abnormal cell mass that develops when controls of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction

37
Q

Benign

A
  • kindly
  • not cancerous; are simple local affairs; tend to be surrounded by a capsule, grow slowly, and seldom kill their hosts, are removed before they compress vital organs
38
Q

Malignant

A
  • bad
  • neoplasms/ cancers that are non-encapsulated masses that grow more relentlessly and may become killers. Their cell could resemble immature cells, and they invade their surroundings rather than pushing them aside
39
Q

Metastasis

A

-ability of malignant cells to break away from the parent mass and spread via the blood to distant parts of the body, where they form new masses

40
Q

Oncogenes

A

-cancer causing genes

41
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A
  • code for proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth
  • many have fragile sites that break when they are exposed to carcinogens and this event converts them to oncogenes (one mutation doesn’t do it, takes several genetic changes to change a normal cell to a cancer cell)

Anatomy (2 decks)

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