Body Tissue Flashcards
Four primary types of tissues
- Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
Locations of this tissue is
▪ Body coverings
▪ Body linings
▪ Glandular tissue
Functions of this tissue is:
▪ Protection
▪ Absorption
▪ Filtration
▪ Secretion
Epithelial Tissue
The hallmark of this tissue is
▪ Cover and line body surfaces
▪ Often form sheets with one free surface, the apical surface, and an anchored surface, the basement membrane
▪ Avascular (no blood supply)
▪ Regenerate easily if well nourished
Epithelial Tissue
Classifications of epithelial tissue & their number of layers:
▪ Simple—one layer
▪ Stratified—more than one layer
Classification of epithelia tissue and their shape of cells
▪ Squamous—flattened, like fish scales ▪ Cuboidal—cube-shaped, like dice
▪ Columnar—shaped like columns
This type of epithilia
functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration, Very thin (so not suited for protection)
Simple epithelia
This type of epithilia has:
▪ Single layer of flat cells
▪ Locations—usually forms membranes
▪ Lines air sacs of the lungs
▪ Forms walls of capillaries
▪ Forms serous membranes (serosae) that line and cover organs in ventral cavity
▪ Functions in diffusion, filtration, or secretion in membranes
Simple squamous epithelium
This type of epithilia is
▪ Single layer of cubelike cells ▪ Locations
▪ Common in glands and their ducts ▪ Forms walls of kidney tubules
▪ Covers the surface of ovaries
▪ Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
Simple cuboidal epithelium
This type of epithilia has
▪ Single layer of tall cells
▪ Goblet cells secrete mucus
▪ Locations
▪ Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus
▪ Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities opening to the exterior
▪ Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
Simple columnar epithelium
This type of epithilia has
▪ All cells rest on a basement membrane
▪ Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification
▪ Location: respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
▪ Functions in absorption or secretion
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
This type of epithilia is
▪ Consist of two or more cell layers
▪ Function primarily in protection
Stratified epithelia
This type og epithelia is
▪ Most common stratified epithelium
▪ Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface, which are squamous
▪ Functions as a protective covering where friction is common
▪ Locations—lining of the: ▪ Skin (outer portion)
▪ Mouth
▪ Esophagus
Stratified squamous epithelium
This type of epithilial tissue has —two layers of cuboidal cells; functions in protection
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
This type of epithilial tissue has surface cells are columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and shape; functions in protection
Stratified columnar epithelium
This type of epithilial tissue is
▪ Rare in human body
▪ Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Stratified cuboidal and columnar
This epithelial tissue is
▪ Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching ▪ Functions in stretching and the ability to return to
normal shape
▪ Location: lining of urinary system organs
Transitional epithelium
This epithelial tisse has
▪ One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular
product
▪ Secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous (water-based) fluid
▪ Secretion is an active process
Glandular epithelia
Two major gland types develop from epithelial sheets
▪ Endocrine glands
▪Exocrine glands
What type of gland that is
▪ Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood
vessels
▪ Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary
Endocrine glands
What type of gland that
▪ Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface
▪ Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both internal and external)
Exocrine glands
What type of tissue that can be found
▪Found everywhere in the body to connect body parts
▪Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
▪ Functions
▪ Protection
▪ Support ▪ Binding
Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
▪ Variations in blood supply
▪ Some tissue types are well vascularized
▪ Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular
▪ Extracellular matrix
▪ Nonliving material that surrounds living cells
Two main elements of the extracellular matrix
- Groundsubstance
- Fibers
what is the element of extracellular matriz that is mostlywater,alongwith
adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
Groundsubstance
What is element of extracellular matrix that has
▪ Collagen (white) fibers
▪ Elastic (yellow) fibers
▪ Reticular fibers (a type of collagen)
Fibers
what are the type of connective tissue from most rigid to softest, or most fluid:
▪ Bone
▪ Cartilage
▪ Dense connective tissue
▪ Loose connective tissue
▪ Blood
What type of connective tissue that is composed of:
▪ Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities) ▪ Hard matrix of calcium salts
▪ Large numbers of collagen fibers
▪ Functions to protect and support the body
Bone (osseous tissue)
What type of connection tissue that is
▪ Less hard and more flexible than bone
▪ Found in only a few places in the body
▪ Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type ▪Types
▪ Hyaline cartilage ▪ Fibrocartilage
▪ Elastic cartilage
Cartilage
▪ Most widespread type of cartilage
▪ Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, rubbery matrix
▪ Locations ▪ Trachea
▪ Attaches ribs to the breastbone
▪ Covers ends of long bones
▪ Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth
▪ Epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones
Hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage that
▪Provides elasticity
▪ Location: supports the external ear
▪Elastic cartilage (not pictured)
What type of cartilage that is
▪ Highly compressible
▪ Location: forms cushionlike discs between vertebrae of the spinal column
Fibrocartilage
What type of connective tissue that has. ▪ Main matrix element is collagen fiber
▪ Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
▪ Locations
▪ Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone
▪ Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints and are more elastic than tendons
▪ Dermis—lower layers of the skin
Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
What type of tissue that is
▪ Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other
connective tissues (except blood)
▪Types
▪ Areolar
▪ Adipose ▪ Reticular
Loose connective tissue
Type of connective tissue that is
▪ Most widely distributed connective tissue
▪ Soft, pliable tissue like “cobwebs”
▪ Functions as a universal packing tissue and “glue” to
hold organs in place
▪ Layer of areolar tissue called lamina propria underlies all membranes
▪ All fiber types form a loose network
▪ Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
Areolar connective tissue
What type of connective tissue that is
▪ An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate
▪ Functions
▪ Insulates the body
▪ Protects some organs
▪ Serves as a site of fuel storage
▪ Locations
▪ Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
▪ Protects organs, such as the kidneys
▪ Fat “depots” include hips, breasts, and belly
Adipose connective tissue
What type of connective tissue that is
▪ Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular
cells (like fibroblasts)
▪ Forms stroma (internal framework) of organs
▪ Locations
▪ Lymph nodes
▪ Spleen
▪ Bone marrow
Reticular connective tissue
What type of connective tissue
▪ Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood
plasma
▪ Soluble fibers are visible only during clotting ▪ Functions as the transport vehicle for the
cardiovascular system, carrying: ▪ Nutrients
▪ Wastes
▪ Respiratory gases
Blood (vascular tissue)
This type of tissue function is to contract, or shorten, to produce movement
Muscle Tissue
▪Three types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
This type of muscle tissue is
▪ Packaged by connective tissue sheets into skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull on bones or skin
▪ Voluntarily (consciously) controlled
▪ Produces gross body movements or facial expressions ▪ Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells
▪ Striations (stripes)
▪ Multinucleate (more than one nucleus) ▪ Long, cylindrical shape
Skeletal muscle tissue
This type of muscle tissue is
▪ Involuntarily controlled
▪ Found only in the heart
▪ Pumps blood through blood vessels
▪ Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
▪ Striations
▪ One nucleus per cell
▪ Short, branching cells
▪ Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to connect cells togethe
Cardiac muscle tissue
This type of muscle tissue is
▪ Involuntarily controlled
▪ Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
▪ Peristalsis, a wavelike activity, is a typical activity
▪ Characteristics of smooth muscle cells ▪ No visible striations
▪ One nucleus per cell
▪ Spindle-shaped cells
Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue
What type of tissue that
▪Function is to receive and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts
▪ Irritability
▪ Conductivity
▪Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
▪ Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and
support neurons
Nervous Tissue
Tissue repair (wound healing) occurs in two ways, what are these?
- Regeneration
- Fibrosis
This tissue repair is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
regeneration
This tissue repair is by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar
tissue)
Fibrosis
In tissue repair this tissues regenerate easily
▪ Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)
▪ Fibrous connective tissues and bone
In tissue repair this tissues regenerate poorly
▪Skeletal muscle
In tissue repair, these tissues are replaced largely with scar tissue
▪ Cardiac muscle
▪ Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord
