Body Systems Test Flashcards
Central Nervous Systems consist of
brain and spinal cord
job: to interpret incoming information and sends impulse to the appropriate muscle and gland
Peripheral consist of
cranial and spinal cord
motor vs sensory
motor- from Central Nervous System to skin, organs, muscles
sensory-from skin, organs, muscles to Central Nervous System
Autonomic vs Somatic
Autonomic- under involuntary control
Somatic- under voluntary control
sympathetic vs parasympathetic
sympathetic- gets body ready fo fight or flight
parasympathetic- conserve energy promotes non-energy function “rest and repair”
what 3 thing contribute to the resting membrane potential being -70
- large negatively charged proteins that are only found inside the cell
- membrane is more leaky to K+ lean Na+ entering
- the sodium potassium pumps more Na+ out than it lets K+ in
where is sodium and potassium located in an ion at rest
Sodium rests outside the cell and potassium rests inside the cell
what ion channel opens first, second, and which direction will the ions travel
The Na+ ions flow into the cell and one membrane reaches a potential of 30+ then an action is generated which allows for the opening of the potassium channels and closing of the sodium channels. Potassium flows out of the cell because there is less K+ outside
describe the role the sodium potassium pump plays in the membrane
In order to better control ions for every 3 Na+ that are pumped out 2 K are pumped in
difference between gray and white matter
myelinated axons are fast and white and unmyelinated axons are slow and gray
what are different neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin) and what their main job is
dopamine affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning and serotonin regulates ones mood
which categories of hormones are water-soluble and which are not?
hormones derived from amino acids are soluble in water and those who are not aren’t water soluble
how does the solubility of hormones impact where their receptor is?
receptors for water soluble hormones are embedded in the cell membrane of target cells and however steroid hormones bind to receptors inside of the cell and because they ate small nonpolar and unchanged they had slip through the phospholipid water easy
reproduction
production of egg and sper (gametogenesis) and the processes leading to fertilization
development
sequence of evens that transform a fertilized egg into a multicellular organism
explain the role of estrogen, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in both female and male reproduction
estrogen is produced by follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone helps follicles mature. progesterone and estrogen help maintain the inner lining of the uterus. in males luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone help regulated spermatogenesis
what mechanisms are in place that prevent more than one sperm from fertilizing an egg
Once a sperm cell gets past the zona pellucida(outer layer of egg) cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte causes enzymes to be released that harden the zona pelicucida and stripit of sperm receptors, making it impossible for another sperm to penetrate the egg
what is the corpus luteum and what does it produce
is it whats left of the follicle after the secondary oocyte has been ejected and it produces progesterone however estrogen levels remain level
explain how hormones ensure that the uterine lining is ready for a baby just in case a pregnancy were to occur, and what happens to the uterine lining if it does not happen
if fertilization happens and an embryo implants into the uterine lining then the embryo releases a hormone called human chorionic honadotrohc to maintain the corpus luteum which continues to secret progesterone (and estrogen) which keeps the endometrium intact. however, if an embryo doesn’t embed itself in the uterine wall within 2 weeks after ovulation, the corpus luteum degenerates and stops producing estrogen
