Body Systems Overview

Question 1

What are the primary layers of the skin?

Answer 1

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

Question 2

Which structures are included in the integumentary system besides skin?

Answer 2

Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.

Question 3

How does the integumentary system protect the body?

Answer 3

It forms a barrier against pathogens and injury.

Question 4

How does the skin help regulate body temperature?

Answer 4

By sweating and adjusting blood flow in the skin.

Question 5

Which vitamin is synthesized in the skin under UV light?

Answer 5

Vitamin D.

Question 6

What pigment provides UV protection in the skin?

Answer 6

Melanin.

Question 7

What condition involves chronic itchy, inflamed skin?

Answer 7

Eczema.

Question 8

Which glands secrete oil to lubricate the skin?

Answer 8

Sebaceous glands.

Question 9

What type of cancer arises from melanocytes?

Answer 9

Melanoma.

Question 10

How does the integumentary system contribute to sensation?

Answer 10

Skin receptors detect touch, pain, temperature.

Question 11

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 11

Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation.

Question 12

Name the two main divisions of the human skeleton.

Answer 12

Axial and appendicular.

Question 13

Which cells are responsible for forming new bone tissue?

Answer 13

Osteoblasts.

Question 14

Which mineral is primarily stored in bones?

Answer 14

Calcium.

Question 15

What is the process of blood cell formation called?

Answer 15

Hematopoiesis.

Question 16

Name a condition that reduces bone density.

Answer 16

Osteoporosis.

Question 17

What membrane covers the outer surface of bones?

Answer 17

The periosteum.

Question 18

Which cells break down bone during remodeling?

Answer 18

Osteoclasts.

Question 19

How are bones classified by shape?

Answer 19

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid.

Question 20

What structures connect bones at joints?

Answer 20

Ligaments.

Question 21

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 21

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Question 22

Which muscle type is under voluntary control?

Answer 22

Skeletal muscle.

Question 23

What are the primary functions of the muscular system?

Answer 23

Movement, posture, heat production, joint stability.

Question 24

How do muscles help regulate body temperature?

Answer 24

By generating heat during contractions.

Question 25

What connects muscle to bone?

Answer 25

Tendons.

Question 26

Which muscle type lines hollow organs?

Answer 26

Smooth muscle.

Question 27

Name a common muscle injury from overstretching.

Answer 27

A muscle strain.

Question 28

What condition involves progressive muscle fiber degeneration?

Answer 28

Muscular dystrophy.

Question 29

How is cardiac muscle specialized?

Answer 29

It contracts involuntarily and rhythmically.

Question 30

What neurotransmitter triggers muscle contraction at neuromuscular junctions?

Answer 30

Acetylcholine.

Question 31

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 31

Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS).

Question 32

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer 32

The neuron.

Question 33

Which system controls involuntary functions like heart rate?

Answer 33

The autonomic nervous system.

Question 34

How do neurons communicate with each other?

Answer 34

Via neurotransmitters at synapses.

Question 35

What protective layers cover the brain and spinal cord?

Answer 35

The meninges.

Question 36

Which cells support and nourish neurons?

Answer 36

Glial cells.

Question 37

What disease involves demyelination in the CNS?

Answer 37

Multiple sclerosis.

Question 38

Which part of the nervous system controls 'fight or flight'?

Answer 38

The sympathetic division.

Question 39

How does the nervous system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 39

By rapidly detecting and responding to changes.

Question 40

What part of the brain coordinates balance and movement?

Answer 40

The cerebellum.

Question 41

What is the 'master gland' of the endocrine system?

Answer 41

The pituitary gland.

Question 42

Which gland regulates metabolism?

Answer 42

The thyroid gland.

Question 43

Which hormones does the pancreas release to control blood sugar?

Answer 43

Insulin and glucagon.

Question 44

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

Answer 44

By releasing hormones that regulate body functions.

Question 45

Which gland releases cortisol in response to stress?

Answer 45

The adrenal cortex.

Question 46

Name a condition caused by insufficient insulin.

Answer 46

Diabetes mellitus.

Question 47

How do hormones travel to target organs?

Answer 47

Through the bloodstream.

Question 48

Which gland regulates sleep-wake cycles?

Answer 48

The pineal gland.

Question 49

What do the parathyroid glands regulate?

Answer 49

Calcium levels in the blood.

Question 50

How are hormone levels typically controlled?

Answer 50

By negative feedback loops.

Question 51

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 51

Heart, blood vessels, blood.

Question 52

What is the primary function of the heart?

Answer 52

To pump blood throughout the body.

Question 53

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Answer 53

Arteries.

Question 54

Which vessels return blood to the heart?

Answer 54

Veins.

Question 55

Where does nutrient and gas exchange occur?

Answer 55

Capillaries.

Question 56

What is the liquid portion of blood called?

Answer 56

Plasma.

Question 57

Name a condition characterized by high blood pressure.

Answer 57

Hypertension.

Question 58

What protein in red blood cells carries oxygen?

Answer 58

Hemoglobin.

Question 59

Which condition involves plaque buildup in arteries?

Answer 59

Atherosclerosis.

Question 60

How does the cardiovascular system help regulate temperature?

Answer 60

By adjusting blood flow to the skin.

Question 61

What fluid is transported by the lymphatic system?

Answer 61

Lymph.

Question 62

Which structures filter lymph and trap pathogens?

Answer 62

Lymph nodes.

Question 63

What organ filters blood and helps fight infection?

Answer 63

The spleen.

Question 64

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Answer 64

In the thymus.

Question 65

What is the main role of the immune system?

Answer 65

To defend the body against pathogens.

Question 66

What condition involves accumulation of lymph?

Answer 66

Lymphedema.

Question 67

Which lymphoid tissue guards the throat region?

Answer 67

The tonsils.

Question 68

Where does lymph return to the bloodstream?

Answer 68

Subclavian veins.

Question 69

Which cells produce antibodies?

Answer 69

B-lymphocytes.

Question 70

How does the immune system distinguish self from non-self?

Answer 70

By recognizing antigens.

Question 71

What are the main organs of the respiratory system?

Answer 71

The lungs.

Question 72

Which structure prevents food from entering the airway?

Answer 72

The epiglottis.

Question 73

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

Answer 73

Alveoli.

Question 74

What muscle contracts to aid inhalation?

Answer 74

The diaphragm.

Question 75

Which structures warm and filter inhaled air?

Answer 75

Nasal passages.

Question 76

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Answer 76

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 77

What condition involves constricted airways and wheezing?

Answer 77

Asthma.

Question 78

How do bronchioles help in breathing?

Answer 78

They conduct air to alveolar ducts.

Question 79

What is inflammation of the bronchi called?

Answer 79

Bronchitis.

Question 80

How does the respiratory system help regulate pH?

Answer 80

By adjusting CO2 exhalation.

Question 81

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Answer 81

To break down food and absorb nutrients.

Question 82

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

Answer 82

In the small intestine.

Question 83

Which organ produces bile to aid fat digestion?

Answer 83

The liver.

Question 84

What tube carries food from the mouth to the stomach?

Answer 84

The esophagus.

Question 85

Which organ stores bile?

Answer 85

The gallbladder.

Question 86

What condition is caused by frequent acid reflux?

Answer 86

GERD.

Question 87

Where do enzymes and bicarbonate enter the small intestine?

Answer 87

From the pancreas.

Question 88

Which part of the GI tract reabsorbs water?

Answer 88

The large intestine.

Question 89

What is the stomach’s role in digestion?

Answer 89

It secretes acid and enzymes for protein digestion.

Question 90

What is a peptic ulcer?

Answer 90

A sore in the stomach or duodenal lining.

Question 91

What are the main organs of the urinary system?

Answer 91

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

Question 92

What is the kidney’s primary function?

Answer 92

To filter blood and form urine.

Question 93

How do the kidneys help regulate blood pressure?

Answer 93

By adjusting fluid volume and releasing renin.

Question 94

What condition involves mineral crystals in the urinary tract?

Answer 94

Kidney stones.

Question 95

Which organ temporarily stores urine?

Answer 95

The urinary bladder.

Question 96

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 96

The nephron.

Question 97

How is electrolyte balance maintained by the urinary system?

Answer 97

By selective reabsorption and excretion.

Question 98

What is a common bacterial infection of the urinary tract?

Answer 98

A UTI.

Question 99

How is the urge to urinate triggered?

Answer 99

Bladder stretch receptors signal the brain.

Question 100

Which hormone increases water reabsorption?

Answer 100

ADH.

Question 101

What are the main organs of the male reproductive system?

Answer 101

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, penis.

Question 102

What are the main organs of the female reproductive system?

Answer 102

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.

Question 103

Where does fertilization usually occur?

Answer 103

In the fallopian tubes.

Question 104

What is the primary female sex hormone?

Answer 104

Estrogen.

Question 105

What is the function of the testes?

Answer 105

To produce sperm and testosterone.

Question 106

Which organ supports fetal development?

Answer 106

The uterus.

Question 107

Name a condition affecting female fertility.

Answer 107

PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome).

Question 108

How is the menstrual cycle regulated?

Answer 108

By hormones from the brain and ovaries.

Question 109

Which test detects cervical cellular changes?

Answer 109

A Pap smear.

Question 110

What is the main function of the reproductive system?

Answer 110

To produce offspring.