Body Systems - health Flashcards
how many vertebrae in the cervical region
7
how many vertebrae in the thoracic region
12
how many vertebrae in the lumbar region
5
how many vertebrae in the sacrum region
5 fused
how many vertebrae in the coccyx region
4 fused
describe movement (1st function)
when a muscle contracts, it pulls connected bones which create movement. all bones are attatched to muscles
describe support and protection (2nd function)
supports organs against gravity and projects major organs e.g cranium –> brain
describe mineral storage (3rd function)
bones are a calcium storage site, because it cannot be produced by the body.
describe production of blood cells (4th function)
red and white blood cells are produced by the bone marrow, whihc is the centre of the bone.
name the 4 functions of the skeletal system
movement, support and protection, mineral storage, production of blood cells
describe red blood cells
carries oxygen to the muscles
describe white blood cells
fights infection in the body
list the three functions of the muscular system
creates movement, posture, bodily functions
describe ‘creates movement’ (1st function)
all voluntary muscles are attatched to bones, the CNS sends a message to the relevant muslce to initiate movement . when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. this is known as the antagonist/agonist relationship.
describe “posture” (2nd function)
muscles are in a constant state of tension, which allows our body to stay upright when awake.
describe “bodily functions” (3rd function)
involuntary muscles are constantly funcitoning to help us live. one example is the heart.
what are ligaments
fibrous tissue which connects bone to bone
what are tendons
tough bands of connective tissue that connect muscle to bone
what is it called when two muscles work together
reciprocal inhibition
what is the agonist
the muscle that contracts (shortens)
what is the antagonist
the muscle that relaxes (lengthens)
define extension
extension is movement that increases the angle between two body parts
define flexion
flexion is movement that decreases the angle between the bones at a joint
when touching your toes, what is the antagonist, agonist, and the bone beign moved?
agonist: abdominals
antagonist: erector spinae
bone being moved: vertebrae (spine)
define the cardiovascular system
the cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels working together to transport gases and nutrients around the body.
name the four functions of the cardiovascular system
circulate blood, transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, transports waste away from cells, maintains stable body temperature
heart rate is defined as:
the number of times your heart beats per minute
list factors that influence heart rate
higher heartrate- more active, younger, fear
lower heartrate- older, genetics, food, blood clots
describe the effect of excercise on heart rate
higher intensity equals higher heart rate
what type of blood does the right side of hte heart transport?
deoxygenated blood
where does the right side of the heart pump blood to?
transports blood to the lungs
what type of blood does the left side of the heart transport?
transports oxygenated blood
where does teh left side of the heart pump blood to?
to the brain and body
describe an artery
elastic material to accomodate more volume. largest blood vessel, carries oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body
describe capillaries
smallest blood vessels, once cell thin, where the nutrients and waste are exchanged between blood and body cells
describe veins
walls are thin but not as elastic as the arteries, carries lower oxygen blood and high carbon dioxide content back to the heart
how do valves support the work of veins?
the valves prevent blood form flowing the wrong way, acting as gates
why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle much thicker than the right ventricle?
because the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around the entire body
summarise the pathway of blood
right atrium recieves deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava, blood moves from the right atrium into the right ventricle. the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. at the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added. this blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. blood goes to the left ventricle and the blood is pumped through the aorta to the body. oxygenated blood is transported around the body delivering oxygen and nutrients to the bodies cells. the blood is now deoxygenated and the cycle starts again
name five functions of the respiratory system
brings air into lungs, transfers oxygen to blood, removes carbon dioxide from blood, expels heat, and allows vocal chords to create speech.
name the stages of breathing
inspiration and expiration
describe what happens during inspiration
air is moving into the lungs, diaphragm contracts and moves down, intercostal muscles contract, chest cavity size increases, lung pressure decreases
describe what happens during expiration
air is moving out of the lungs, diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, intercostal muslces relax, chest cavity size decreases and lung pressure increases.
where are the intercostal muslces located?
in between our ribs
define gaseous exchange, and where does it happen in the body
the process where gases cross surface without the use of energy, occurs between the lungs and capillaries.
describe where gases move to in gaseous exchange
carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the lungs (expelled via exhalation), and oxygen moves from the lungs into the capillaries (inhaled via inspiration)
what does ATP and ADP stand for
ATP: adenosine triphosphate
ADP: adenosine diphosphate
