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biology 1/2 > body systems and homeostatic regulation > Flashcards

body systems and homeostatic regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is hyperthyroidism?

A

when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroxine.

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2
Q

how does the thyroid produce thyroxine?

A

it produced thyroxine in response to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland.

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3
Q

what does thyroxine affect? list 3 things it does to the body

A

the increase of thyroxine production in the body leads to an increased basal metabolic rate

  • increased body temp
  • weight loss
  • increased appetite
  • sensitivity to heat and sweating more
  • relative insensitivity to cold conditions
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4
Q

what may cause hyperthyroidism?

A
  • nodules (small swelling/aggregation in the body)
  • genetic factors
  • Grave’s disease
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5
Q

why does Grave’s disease cause hyperthyroidism?

A

because it is an autoimmune disease, the immune system cells (antibodies called immunoglobulin) target the thyroid gland, which signal to the body to produce more thyroxine

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6
Q

management of hyperthyroidism

A
  • surgical removal of part of the thyroid gland
  • anti-thyroid medication - interferes with ability to take iodine from blood, which is an essential component of thyroxine
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7
Q

what is type one diabetes?

A

a chronic autoimmune disease where the beta-cells of the pancreas produce very little-no insulin, which affects the regulation of blood glucose levels.

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8
Q

how is insulin released?

A

it is released from the Islets of Langerhans from its beta cells which is found in the pancreas.

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9
Q

what does insulin do?

A

insulin lowers the blood glucose concentration
insulin binds to cells, which attaches glucose transporters onto the cells. This increases the amount of glucose being absorbed by facilitated diffusion.

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10
Q

what happens if there isn’t enough insulin released? what are some symptoms?

A

If not enough insulin is released into the bloodstream, the blood glucose concentration to remain high (hyperglycaemia)
- can cause glucose to found in urine
- increased urination
- extreme hunger/thirst
- fatigue

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11
Q

why is fatigue a symptom of diabetes?

A

when blood glucose is high, the body isn’t taking in the glucose as energy

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12
Q

why is increased urination a symptom of diabetes?

A

when the blood has high levels of glucose, it is a hypertonic solution, so water from the cells releases to level out the concentration gradient. This leads to more water entering the bloodstream and entering the kidneys, which leads to more urination. This is also why thirst is a symptom of diabetes

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13
Q

why is finding glucose in urine a sign of diabetes?

A

as there is an increased about of glucose, the carrier proteins in the kidneys aren’t able to deal with high levels of glucose, leading to traces of glucose in urine.

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14
Q

negative feedback

A

body changing to match the needs of the stimulus

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15
Q

negative feedback order

A

stimulus, receptor, modulator, effector, response

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16
Q

negative feedback for high blood glucose levels

A

stimulus - increased blood glucose levels
receptor - stimulus is detected by the islet cells of the pancreas

modulator - beta cells are stimulated to release insulin into the bloodstream. alpha cells decrease glucagon release

effector - all body cells are affected

response - increased uptake of glucose into cells. liver increased glucose uptake and stored are glycogen.

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17
Q

negative feedback for low blood glucose levels

A

stimulus - decreased blood glucose levels

receptor - stimulus is detected by the islet cells of the pancreas

modulator - alpha cells are stimulated to release glucagon into the bloodstream. beta cells decrease insulin release

effector - liver cells, brain, digestive system

response - liver breaks down glycogen stores, which releases glucose into the blood.

18
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 2 is a lifestyle disease
cells in type two diabetes are insulin resistant which means that they don’t absorb glucose from the blood as usual.

19
Q

what is hyperglycaemia?

A

when there is too much blood glucose

20
Q

what is hypoglycaemia? what can cause it?

A

not enough glucose in the bloodstream. this can be caused by injecting too much insulin, exercise too much or don’t consume enough glucose

21
Q

why do ppl with type 1 not produce normal levels of glucagon? what does this mean for blood glucose when fasting?

A

In addition, because their alpha cells are impaired, people with type 1 diabetes don’t produce normal levels of glucagon,

meaning that they do not produce normal amounts of glucose via glycogenolysis in periods of fasting and their blood glucose level continues to fall.

22
Q

what is glucose?

A

the main source of energy for cells

23
Q

what is glucagon

A

hormone that is secreted by beta-cells when blood glucose levels are low

24
Q

what is glycogen?

A

chains of glucose that are stored in the liver for when there is low blood glucose levels

25
Q

what is osmoregulation?

A

the regulation of water in the bloodstream

26
Q

what receptors are involved in osmoregulation and where are they located?

A

The receptors are osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

27
Q

stimulus response model for high water content

A

stimulus - high water content in the blood

receptor - osmoreceptors (in the hypothalamus) detect the high water content which send signals to the pituitary gland

modulator - (hypothalamus) the pituitary gland reduces amount of ADH released into the bloodstream

effector - the kidneys reduce amount of water being absorbed into kidneys

response - larger volumes of diluted urine is taken to the bladder

28
Q

stimulus response model for low water content

A

stimulus - low water content in the blood

receptor - osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the low water content which send signals to the pituitary gland

modulator - (hypothalamus) the pituitary gland increases amount of ADH released into the bloodstream

effector - the kidneys maintain blood water levels

response - less amount of water is lost to urine (less concentrated)

29
Q

how is urine used in determining water levels?

A

urine concentration is determining of water content in the blood. If the urine is more concentrated, that means theres less water in the body, as less water makes it into urine. if the urine is diluted, this means that there is excess water in the blood, which is why there is dilution.

30
Q

what is the kidney?

A

the kidney is the site of where blood and water filtration occurs. it is also hormones are regulated.

31
Q

what brings blood in and out of the kidney?

A

the renal artery brings unfiltered blood to the kidney
the renal vein brings the filtered blood back to the body

32
Q

what does the renal artery lead to?

A

the renal artery branches off into smaller capillaries, called nephrons.

33
Q

what are nephrons? where are they located?

A

nephrons are a functional unit of the kidney which filtrates pass through and where urine is produced. they are located in the cortex (outer) and the medulla (inner).

34
Q

what makes up the nephron?

A

bowmans capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts

35
Q

what is the bowmans capsule?

A

it collects the filtered blood from the glomerulus, a unit inside of the bowmans capsule. fluids and solutes are filtered out at this point

36
Q

what is the proximal convoluted tube?

A

first site of water reabsorption and where water and salt is mainly absorbed. this is where glucose is also absorbed, almost all of it

37
Q

what is the loop of Henle?

A

it transfers the fluid from proximal tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. more water gets absorbed on the way down, and ions get absorbed on the way up

38
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

final absorption in the nephron. the permeability of this area is dependent of a hormone stimulus (ADH).

39
Q

what is the collecting duct?

A

collects urine to pass it to the ureter, which leaves the kidney as urine.

40
Q

what does ADH do?

A

antidiuretic hormone - helps regulate the amount of water in the body and is released to absorb less water, which makes urine more concentrated

biology 1/2 (5 decks)

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