Body systems Flashcards
Name the 3 main parts of the cardiovascular system
Heart, blood vessels, blood
Which type of blood vessel takes blood away from the heart?
Arteries
Which type of blood vessel takes blood to the heart?
Veins
What is the purpose of capillaries?
Connects arteries and veins
What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transports substances, controlling the body’s temperature and protecting the body.
What substances does the blood transfer? Name 4.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, water and waste products.
What do red blood cells do?
Carry oxugen
What do white blood cells do?
Fight infections
What do platelets do?
Helps to clot the blood.
What is plasma?
The water content of the blood.
What absorbs the oxygen in the red blood cells?
Haemoglobin
What are the walls of the heart made of?
Cardiac muscle
What are the 4 main blood vessels?
Pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta and vena cava
Describe the process of the blood with the 4 main blood vessels starting with the heart.
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the heart through the Aorta to parts of the body.
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the Vena Cava.
The deoxygenated blood is pumped by the heart to the lungs through the Pulmonary Artery.
The lungs re-oxygenate the blood which returns to the heart through the Pulmonary Vein.
The cycle repeats.
Veins have valves, what do these do?
These prevent backflow when the blood is working against gravity.
What is heart rate?
The number of beats every minute.
What is heart rate measured in?
BPM
What is the relationship between fitness and resting heart rate?
The fitter you are, the lower the resting heart rate.
What is the average resting heart rate?
70-75 bpm
How do you calculate the maximum heart rate for a person?
220-age
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute
How do you calculate cardiac output?
stroke volume x heart rate
During exercise, what happens to the heart?
The heart rate and the stroke volume will increase
What benefits does the heart get from regular exercise?
The heart gets larger, the cardiac muscle gets thicker and stronger, the stroke volume increases which results in a lower resting heart rate.
What is an antagonistic pair?
Two muscles that work together by contracting and relaxing.
Name two pairs of antagonistic pairs.
biceps and triceps
hamstrings and quadriceps
What are the 4 main functions of the skeleton?
Shape, movement, protection and production
What are the two types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket
Hinge joint
What are the two types of hinge joint?
Knee and elbow
What are the two types of ball and socket joint?
Shoulder and hip
What are the two ranges of movement in a hinge joint?
Flexion and extension
What are the 5 ranges of movement in a ball and socket joint?
Adduction, abduction, rotation, flexion and extension.
What is flexion?
The term given when the angle at the joint decreases
What is extension?
The term given when the angle at the joint increases.
What is abduction?
The movement of the limb away from the midline of the body.
What is adduction?
The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body.
What is rotation?
When the bone at a joint moves around its own axis.
What are the 2 long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system?
Increased bone density and increased strength of ligaments and tendons.
What does the term ‘voluntary’ muscle mean?
A muscle that works on demand.
Can you name the 11 voluntary muscles in your body?
Deltoid, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectorals, biceps, triceps, abdominals, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals and gastrocnemius.
Which muscle contracts to allow flexion of the arm at the elbow?
Bicep
Which muscle contracts to allow flexion of the leg at the knee?
Hamstring
Which muscle contracts to allow extension of the leg at the hip?
Gleuteus maximus
Which muscle contracts to allow abduction of the upper arm at the shoulder?
Deltoid
Which muscle contracts to allow flexion of the trunk?
Abdominals
What are the two types of muscle contraction?
Isotonic and isometric
What type of bone is the ulna?
Long bone
What is the definition of oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at rest.
What are the long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
Increased lung capacity, increased vital capacity and increased number of alveoli.
What is the definition of ‘tidal volume’?
During normal breathing, the total amount breathed in and out in one cycle.
What is the definition of ‘vital capacity’?
The maximum you can forcibly breathe in and out.
What are the two main types of muscle contractions?
Isotonic and isometric
What does isotonic contraction involve?
Movement
What does an isometric contraction involve?
An isometric contraction has no visible movement
