Body Systems

Question 1

Respiration vs breathing.

Answer 1

Breathing is the physical process in which you inhale oxygen into you lungs. Respiration is a chemical reaction where oxygen is used to breakdown glucose in prefer to generate energy which is then used by the cells to function.

Question 2

Explain the need for body systems.

Answer 2

We need body systems because each system works together to help/allow our body to function.

Question 3

Outline the main organs in the respiratory system and how it works.

Answer 3

The main organs of the respiratory system include: the trachea which filters the air we breathe, the trachea branches in to two tubes called bronchi that lead into the lungs. Once in the lungs, the oxygen travels to the bronchioles, smaller branches that come off of the bronchi. From the bronchioles the oxygen is lead into tiny air sacks called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

Question 4

Define mechanical and chemical digestion and describe their functions.

Answer 4

Mechanical digestion involves breaking the food down into smaller pieces (through chewing, etc.) Chemical digestion involves breaking down food into simpler nutrients that can be used by the cells. (E.g. starch > sucrose/sugars > glucose)

Question 5

Define digestion and identify the parts and functions of the digestive system.

Answer 5

Digestion is the breakdown of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body. The food is physically broken down by the teeth. It then moves through the oesophagus to the stomach where, through the action of enzymes, the food is chemically digested with bile from the gallbladder and then mechanically digested through the contraction of the stomach walls. The pancreas then creates pancreatic juices that help digest carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The food then moves down into the digestive tract. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas and liver. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into the bloodstream. The large intestine then absorbs any extra water and changes the waste into stool. The stool then moves to your rectum where it is stored until you go to the bathroom.

Question 6

Describe the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the alveoli and the exchange of these gases in the bloodstream.

Answer 6

Oxygen and carbon dioxide move from where there is a high concentration to where there is a lower concentration. This movement is called diffusion. Oxygen defuses from the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries, similarly carbon dioxide from the blood moves out of the capillaries into the alveoli.

Question 7

Explain how breathing rate is linked to respiration rate.

Answer 7

For respiration to occur you need oxygen and you get oxygen by breathing, therefore, if your breathing rate increases the rate at which respiration occurs also increases. if your breathing rate decreases the rate at which respiration occurs also decreases.

Question 8

List the components of the circulatory system.

Answer 8

• heart - veins - arteries - capillaries

Question 9

Describe the structure of the heart.

Answer 9

Question 10

Describe the function of the heart.

Answer 10

The hearts function is to pump oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to the lungs and around the body.

Question 11

Describe the function of arteries, veins and capillaries.

Answer 11

Arteries take blood away from the heart. Veins take deoxygenated blood into the heart (with the exception of the pulmonary vein). Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body; they also collect carbon dioxide waste materials.

Question 12

Define excretion.

Answer 12

The way the body gets rid of wastes it has produced.

Question 13

Describe the excretory role in the lungs.

Answer 13

The removal of carbon dioxide and some water.

Question 14

Describe the excretory role in the liver.

Answer 14

The removal of excess amino acids, toxins and dead red blood cells.

Question 15

Describe the excretory role in the skin.

Answer 15

The removal of some urea through sweat.

Question 16

Describe the excretory role in the kidneys.

Answer 16

The removal of urea, salt and water.

Question 17

Describe the 5 functions of the skeleton.

Answer 17

1. Movement: the skeletal system provides points of attachment for muscles.
2. Support: it holds your body up by providing a structure for your body.
3. Protection: the bones of your skull protect your brain and your ribs protect your heart and lungs.
4. Makes blood: red and white blood cells are formed by tissue called marrow.
5. Storage: bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus for use by the body.

Question 18

Identify the main bones of the human body.

Answer 18

The main bones of the human body are:

• Skull (cranium)
• Clavicle (collarbone)
• Mandible (jaw bone)
• Scapula
• Humorous
• Rib cage (thoracic cage)
• Elbow
• Vertebrae
• Radius
• Pelvis
• Ulna
• Carpal
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
• Sacrum
• Femur
• Patella (knee)
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals

Question 19

Describe the compact part of the bone.

Answer 19

The dense, strong outer layer that protects the bone.

Question 20

Describe the spongey part of the bone.

Answer 20

The spongey part of the bone is light and honeycombed, it is the inner part of the bone filled with the bone marrow. Red blood cells along with some white blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

Question 21

Describe the function of cartilage and synovial fluid.

Answer 21

Cartilage is a smooth slippery material that covers the ends of bones that are moving against each other. It helps to cushion the impact of movement.

Synovial fluid lubricates the bone ends and allows them to slide over each other freely.

Question 22

Define the main types of joints in the body.

Answer 22

1. Hinge joint: Moves in just one direction, e.g. knee.
2. Ball and socket joint: round end of a bone fitting snuggly within another bone, e.g. hip.
3. Pivot joint: Bone resting atop another bone permitting free movement, e.g. neck and wrist.
4. Saddle joint: allows movement in two directions, e.g. base of thumbs.

Question 23

Describe ligaments, tendons and muscles and their functions.

Answer 23

Ligaments: connect bone to bone.

Tendons: attach muscles to bones.

Muscles: tissues that contract and stretch (relax- a muscle relaxes when it is longer). They pull on the bones and cause them to move. Muscles pull in antagonistic pairs that work in opposition to each other, e.g. bicep and tricep.