Body Systems Flashcards
What is the most prominent and extensive anatomical feature of the body?
Muscular system
What are the functions of the muscle?
- Pumping of blood
- Movement of extremities
- Respiration
- Movement of nutrient material around the GIT
What do you call the dark bands that is crossed transversely in this muscle?
Striations
What muscles are voluntary and are controlled by the will?
Striated
What is the most organized system in the body?
The nervous system
What are the main components of the nervous system?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
What consists of a cell body, one axon and one or more dendrites.
Neurons
What are often called nerve fibers which are threadlike extensions of the cell body.
Axons and dendrites
________ are located between the axon terminals of one neuron (presynaptic cell) and the cell body or dendrites of another neuron? (Postsynaptic cell)
Synapses
Transmission of impulses across the synapse involves the release from a ___________ of a neurotransmitter
presynaptic neuron
Contains the majority of the nervous system, brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
The brain and spinal cord control the activities of the skeletal and involuntary smooth muscles of the body in response to __________
Stimuli
Where is the brain enclosed?
Skull
Where is the spinal cord encased?
Vertebral canal
The brain is subdivided into three parts. Which part is the largest and fills up most of the cranial cavity?
Forebrain
What part of the brain extends caudally from the forebrain?
Midbrain
What part of the brain is behind the midbrain?
Hindbrain
___________ is the direct continuation of the brain into the vertebral canal
Spinal cord
How does information from the internal or external environment reach the central nervous system?
Sensory receptors
What kind of energy is converted by the receptiors come from touch-pressure?
Mechanical
What kind of energy is converted by the receptor from temperature?
Thermal
What kind of energy is converted by the receptor from light?
Electromagnetic
What kind of energy does the receptors convert from odor, taste, and O2 content?
Chemical evergy
What are the four modalities of taste?
Sweets sour, bitter, salty
Sounds of different pitches are heard because of different groups of hair cells in the organ called _______ which is activated by different frequencies of sound waves.
Corti
Where does the peripheral nervous system reside?
Outside the limbs or organs
Given the peripheral system is not protected by bone, what kind of danger does it get exposed to in return
Toxins and mechanical damage
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two groups. What are they?
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
Furthermore the autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts, what are they?
Sympathetic nervous system
And parasympathetic nervous system
___________ is a part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements through actions of the skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
What are nerves the somatic nervous system is composed of?
Spinal and cranial nerves
What are the nerves that arise from the spinal cord and emerge from the vertebrae?
Spinal nerves
What are the nerves that supply interventions to structures in the hand and neck which carry information from general sensory receptors in the body?
Cranial nerves
Portion of the peripheral nervous system that works automatically and without voluntary input?
Autonomic nervous system
The major role of the autonomic nervous system is to maintain a relatively stable internal body environment or ___________
Homeostasis
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
What division of the autonomic nervous system aids in the control of the body’s internal organs, works to mobilize the body’s resources for action under stress?
Sympathetic division
What division of the autonomic nervous system promotes maintenance of the body at rest?
Parasympathetic division
________________ enables the animal to adjust to changes in the environment
Endocrine system
The _________ ______ secrete hormones that regulate growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction, stress responses, body and tissue fluid and electrolyte balance.
Endocrine glands
A substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the blood to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effort
It also does not initiate reaction but only exite or inhibit ongoing cell reactions
Hormone
________ may be classified as simple protein, glycoprotein, and steroids
Hormones
Located at the base of the brain in a concavity if the spgenoid bone called sela turcica, which protects it from outside pressure
Pituitary gland
Given the hypophysis or pituitary gland has three lobes or portion, what is the alternative name for the anterior pituitary ?
Adenohypophysis
Given the hypophysis or pituitary gland has three lobes or portion, what is the alternative name for the intermediate lobe?
Pars intermedia
Given the hypophysis or pituitary gland has three lobes or portion, what is the alternative name for the posterior pituitary lobe?
Neurohypophysis
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis promotes growth in the bones before the plates are fused together in adulthood? Secretion of this hormone before adulthood results in gigantism and acromegaly after adulthood. Deficiency results in dwarfism
Growth hormone/Somatotropic hormone (STH)
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids such as cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis which stimulates milk secretion in lactating mammary gland?
Prolactin or Luteotropic Hormone (LTH)
What hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis stimulates the ovary to produce Graafian follicle; in the male, it maintains the integrity of the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
