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body systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of a circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

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2
Q

What are the features of a closed circulatory system?

A

In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained within vessels and is pumped by a heart.

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3
Q

What are the features of an open circulatory system?

A

In an open circulatory system, blood is not contained in vessels and bathes the organs directly.

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4
Q

What is the role of a respiratory system?

A

The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

What are the features of a respiratory surface?

A

A respiratory surface is thin, moist, and has a large surface area to facilitate gas exchange.

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6
Q

What is ventilation in the context of a respiratory system?

A

Ventilation is the process of moving air or water over the respiratory surface to enhance gas exchange.

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7
Q

What is countercurrent exchange in fish gill structures?

A

Countercurrent exchange is the mechanism where water flows in the opposite direction to blood, maximizing oxygen uptake.

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8
Q

What is a trachea system?

A

A trachea system is a network of tubes that transport air directly to tissues in certain organisms.

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9
Q

Which organisms use a trachea system?

A

Insects and some arachnids utilize a trachea system for respiration.

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10
Q

What is the basic function of osmoregulatory systems?

A

Osmoregulatory systems maintain the balance of water and solutes in an organism.

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11
Q

What is the basic function of excretion systems?

A

Excretion systems remove waste products from metabolism and regulate body fluids.

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12
Q

Define osmosis.

A

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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13
Q

Define hypertonic.

A

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

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14
Q

Define hypotonic.

A

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

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15
Q

Define isotonic.

A

An isotonic solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

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16
Q

What are the osmoregulatory challenges of aquatic invertebrates?

A

Aquatic invertebrates face challenges in maintaining water balance due to their environment.

17
Q

What are the osmoregulatory challenges of marine vertebrates?

A

Marine vertebrates must conserve water and excrete excess salts.

18
Q

What are the osmoregulatory challenges of freshwater vertebrates?

A

Freshwater vertebrates face challenges in preventing water influx and excreting excess water.

19
Q

How do terrestrial organisms gain and lose water?

A

Terrestrial organisms gain water through drinking and food, and lose it through evaporation and excretion.

20
Q

What are the nitrogenous waste excretion molecules?

A

Organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes as ammonia, urea, or uric acid.

21
Q

What are the basic steps in waste processing?

A

The basic steps include filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

22
Q

What are protonephridia?

A

Protonephridia are excretory structures found in flatworms and some other invertebrates.

23
Q

What are metanephridia?

A

Metanephridia are excretory structures found in annelids and some mollusks.

24
Q

What are Malpighian tubules?

A

Malpighian tubules are excretory structures found in insects and some arachnids.

25
Q

What are the 4 steps of digestion?

A

The 4 steps are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

26
Q

What are the main uses of food for an organism?

A

Food provides energy, building blocks for growth, and essential nutrients.

27
Q

What is a complete digestive system?

A

A complete digestive system has two openings: a mouth and an anus.

28
Q

What is an incomplete digestive system?

A

An incomplete digestive system has only one opening for both ingestion and excretion.

29
Q

What are adaptations for digesting plant material?

A

Adaptations include specialized teeth, longer digestive tracts, and symbiotic relationships with microbes.

30
Q

What is the basic operation of the ruminant digestive system?

A

The ruminant digestive system involves multiple stomach chambers for fermenting plant material.

31
Q

What is the basic function of immune systems?

A

Immune systems protect the body against pathogens and foreign substances.

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