body systems Flashcards
What is the role of a circulatory system?
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
What are the features of a closed circulatory system?
In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained within vessels and is pumped by a heart.
What are the features of an open circulatory system?
In an open circulatory system, blood is not contained in vessels and bathes the organs directly.
What is the role of a respiratory system?
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide.
What are the features of a respiratory surface?
A respiratory surface is thin, moist, and has a large surface area to facilitate gas exchange.
What is ventilation in the context of a respiratory system?
Ventilation is the process of moving air or water over the respiratory surface to enhance gas exchange.
What is countercurrent exchange in fish gill structures?
Countercurrent exchange is the mechanism where water flows in the opposite direction to blood, maximizing oxygen uptake.
What is a trachea system?
A trachea system is a network of tubes that transport air directly to tissues in certain organisms.
Which organisms use a trachea system?
Insects and some arachnids utilize a trachea system for respiration.
What is the basic function of osmoregulatory systems?
Osmoregulatory systems maintain the balance of water and solutes in an organism.
What is the basic function of excretion systems?
Excretion systems remove waste products from metabolism and regulate body fluids.
Define osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Define hypertonic.
A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
Define hypotonic.
A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
Define isotonic.
An isotonic solution has an equal concentration of solutes compared to another solution.
What are the osmoregulatory challenges of aquatic invertebrates?
Aquatic invertebrates face challenges in maintaining water balance due to their environment.
What are the osmoregulatory challenges of marine vertebrates?
Marine vertebrates must conserve water and excrete excess salts.
What are the osmoregulatory challenges of freshwater vertebrates?
Freshwater vertebrates face challenges in preventing water influx and excreting excess water.
How do terrestrial organisms gain and lose water?
Terrestrial organisms gain water through drinking and food, and lose it through evaporation and excretion.
What are the nitrogenous waste excretion molecules?
Organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes as ammonia, urea, or uric acid.
What are the basic steps in waste processing?
The basic steps include filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.
What are protonephridia?
Protonephridia are excretory structures found in flatworms and some other invertebrates.
What are metanephridia?
Metanephridia are excretory structures found in annelids and some mollusks.
What are Malpighian tubules?
Malpighian tubules are excretory structures found in insects and some arachnids.
What are the 4 steps of digestion?
The 4 steps are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
What are the main uses of food for an organism?
Food provides energy, building blocks for growth, and essential nutrients.
What is a complete digestive system?
A complete digestive system has two openings: a mouth and an anus.
What is an incomplete digestive system?
An incomplete digestive system has only one opening for both ingestion and excretion.
What are adaptations for digesting plant material?
Adaptations include specialized teeth, longer digestive tracts, and symbiotic relationships with microbes.
What is the basic operation of the ruminant digestive system?
The ruminant digestive system involves multiple stomach chambers for fermenting plant material.
What is the basic function of immune systems?
Immune systems protect the body against pathogens and foreign substances.
