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PDH > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Longer than there are wide and comprised mostly of compact bone. Most bones in our body are long bonds. Eg. Femur, Uina/radius, fibula/tibia

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2
Q

What is a short bone?

A

roughly cube shaped, thin layer of compact bone. Eg. Phalanges, Carpal, Tarsal.

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3
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

Strong, flat bones that enable muscular attachment and protection for organs. Eg. Pelvis, Sternum, Scapula

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4
Q

What is a irregular bone?

A

Do not fit into a category, consists of thin layers of compact bone, irregular shapes. Eg. Vertebrae, skull, pelvis

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5
Q

What is a sesamoid bones?

A

Usually small, irregular shaped bones that are embedded in tendons. Eg. Patella (knee), elbow

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6
Q

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

A

Flexion and extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction. Eg. hip and shoulder joint.

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7
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Flexion and extension. Eg. elbow, knee, fingers.

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8
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction. Eg. wrist

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9
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Rotation. Eg. neck, forearm (radius, ulna)

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10
Q

What is a gliding joint?

A

Slight sliding movement. Eg. bones in wrist, between vertebrae.

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11
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction. Eg. Thumb

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12
Q

What is the structure voluntary muscles?

A

A voluntary muscle (usually skeletal muscle) can be controlled by the mind. skeletal muscle is made up of hundreds of fibres that are wrapped in a covering. An individual’s skeletal muscle structure is hereditary and helps helps to determine the type of sport and activity they are best suited for. There are two main types of fibres that make up skeletal muscle composition.

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13
Q

What are slow twitch voluntary muscles?

A

Contracts slowly, produces less force, fatigues slowly and are suited to aerobic (distance) events or activities.

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14
Q

What are fast twitch voluntary muscles?

A

Contracts quickly, produces a great deal of force, fatigues quickly and are suited to anaerobic (speed/power) events or activities.

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15
Q

Define heart

A

Hollow sack of cardiac muscle that fills with blood, and contracts, firing the blood out to the body between 60-80 times per minute. Allows for the circulation of blood.

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16
Q

Define cardiovascular system

A

The network that continuously delivers blood to the body. Control body tempreture.

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17
Q

Define blood vessels

A

The network of tubes carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary.

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18
Q

Define arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, thick muscles to keep the blood from moving away from the heart and through the body by contracting.

19
Q

Define veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, not as muscular, uses valves.

20
Q

Define Capillaries

A

Connects arteries and veins. Extremely tiny but one of the most important parts of the circulatory system. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removes waste.

21
Q

Describe the circulation of blood through the heart.

A
  1. deoxygenated blood goes into the right atrium
  2. through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
  3. then pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery
  4. the blood then goes to the lungs, gets oxygenated
  5. goes back into the heart to the left atrium
  6. pumped into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
  7. then goes though the aortic valve to the aorta and then out to the rest of the body.
22
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Carries blood around the body to deliver the oxygen and returns de-oxygenated blood to the heart. Blood also carries nutrients and waste.

23
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Carries blood to the lungs to be oxygenated and then back to the heart. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, and oxygen taken up by the haemoglobin in the red blood cells.

24
Q

What is the structure and function of Lungs?

A

Two airbags-like organs in your chest

It takes oxygenated air and diffuses it into your blood to be pumped around your body while removing carbon dioxide as it pushes it out of your body

25
Q

What is the structure and function of our trachea?

A

Long tube that connects the larynx to the lungs.

Carries air to and from the lungs. A pathway for oxygen to enter your body.

26
Q

What is the structure and function of pharynx?

A

Tube that connects your mouth, nasal cavity and trachea.

Carries air, food and fluid down from the nose and mouth.

27
Q

What is the structure and function of larynx?

A

Hollow tube that connects from pharynx to trachea. Contains the voice box.

Allows air to pass to and from the lungs whilst preventing food and other particles from getting into the trachea. Creates vocal sounds.

28
Q

What is the structure and function of bronchi?

A

The bronchi are the two large tubes that connect your windpipe to your lungs

Two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs. Distributes the air throughout the lungs until it reaches the bronchioles and alveolar sacs.

29
Q

What is the structure and function of bronchioles?

A

Tubes in the lungs which branch off from the larger bronchi.

The bronchi carry air into your lungs. At the end of the bronchi, the bronchioles carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli.

30
Q

What is the structure and function of alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles in the lungs.

Allows gas exchange to take place, removing carbon dioxide and giving oxygen to blood.

31
Q

What is the structure and function of mouth, nose, nasal?

A

To bring air into the respiratory system. Nose specifically prevents dust or other particles from entering the system.

32
Q

What is the structure and function of cilia?

A

Cilia are made up of hair-like structures on the surface coated by the plasma membrane.

Cilia beat together in a wave-like motion to move mucus, germs and other foreign particles up toward the mouth where they can be coughed or sneezed out.

33
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

The human skeleton is made up of 206 individual or joined bones (such as the skull), supported and supplemented by a structure of ligaments, tendons, muscles, cartilage and other organs.

34
Q

What is the role of the skeletal system?

A

The skeletal system provides support for the entire body, enables movement, protects vital organs and plays an important role in blood cell production, endocrine regulation and calcium storage.

35
Q

What is the role of the muscular system?

A

the muscular system includes over 650 muscles which have varying roles, including balance, posture, movement, heat generation, respiration and digestion.

36
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system is an organ system that moves substances to and from cells; it can also help stabilise body temperature and pH.

37
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

Every cell in the body needs oxygen. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and positions it where it can defuse into the blood.

38
Q

Why is it called the cardio-respiratory system?

A

The close interplay that exists between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

39
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates as a fuel source?

A

Simple carbohydrates: instant energy that is limited and lasts for a short amount of time. Eg. white bread, pasta, chocolate, white bread.

Complex carbohydrates: Long lasting energy. Eg. porridge, weet-bix, wholegrain, bread, brown rice.

40
Q

What is the role of fats as a fuel source?

A

They are a source of essential fatty acids, protect vital organs and insulate us against extreme temperatures.

Saturated: fats that should be consumed the least. Eg. butter, McDonalds, bacon, cheese.

Monounsaturated fats and Polyunsaturated fats: naturally produced, should be consumed regularly. Eg. avocado, olive oil, fish oil, soy milk, oat milk, almond milk.

41
Q

What is the role of protein?

A

Growth & repair of muscles when using muscles, need to be exercising for protein to be useful. Eg. fish, red meat, chickpeas, lentils, tofu, eggs, chicken.

42
Q

What is the alactacid system (ATP/PC)?

How does it work?, fuel, amount of energy, duration, causes of fatigue, waste products, recovery time, sports mainly using this system.

A

How does it work:
After movement ATP forms ADP. Creatine phosphate is broken down to form creatine and phosphate. It can then combine with ADP to produce ATP and movement can occur again.

Fuel:
Creatine Phospate

Amount of energy:
Very limited

Duration:
95- 100% effort that lasts for 10-12 seconds.

Causes of fatigue:
Creatine phosphate is exhausted after 10-12 seconds

Waste products:
none

Recovery time:
30 seconds - 2 minutes

Sports mainly using this system:
100m sprint, javelin

43
Q

What is the alactacid system (ATP/PC)?

How does it work?, fuel, amount of energy, duration, causes of fatigue, waste products, recovery time, sports mainly using this system.

A

How does it work:
During high intensity exercise (85-95%) the body breaks down glycogen without oxygen present to form ATP.

Fuel:
Carbohydrate is broken down into muscle glycogen and is the only fuel source.

Amount of energy:
limited

Duration:
12 seconds at 90% intensity

Causes of fatigue:
Lactic acid (a waste product) builds up in the muscles leading to fatigue and exhaustion.

Waste products:
Lactic acid

Recovery time:
20 minute - 2 hour depending on level of lactic acid

Sports mainly using this system:
400m run, 100m swim

44
Q

What is the alactacid system (ATP/PC)?

How does it work?, fuel, amount of energy, duration, causes of fatigue, waste products, recovery time, sports mainly using this system.

A

How does it work:
During continuous exercise your body uses oxygen to break down glycogen (carbs) & uses it as energy.

Fuel:
Carbohydrate

Amount of energy:
Unlimited at low intensity

Duration:
Virtually unlimited at low intensity 60%

Causes of fatigue:
Depletion of glycogen storage (carbs)

Waste products:
Carbon dioxide & water (sweat)

Recovery time:
Sufficient time to replaced diminished due supplies 24-48 hours

Sports mainly using this system:
Triathlon, marathon running, 1500m swim, cycling road race.

PDH (1 decks)

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