Body Systems Flashcards
What is the role of the skeletal system?
- Supports and protects the body
- Provides a framework for movement
- Stores minerals
- Manufactures blood in the bone marrow
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- Attachment
- Movement
- Protection
- Blood Cell Production
- Storage
what does support mean in the skeletal system?
Skeletal provided a framework for the body
what does movement mean in the skeletal system?
Muscles attach to bones via tendon
what does attachment mean in the skeletal system?
The bones of the skeleton provide an attachment surface for the muscles, tendons and ligaments
what does protection mean in the skeletal system?
Provides vital organs
what does blood cell production mean in the skeletal system?
The generation of the blood cells, which happens in the bone marrow
what does storage in the skeletal system mean?
Bone serves as a mineral storage deposit in which nutrients is stored and retrieved
What are the types of bones in the skeletal system?
- Long bone
- Short bone
- Flat Bone
- Irregular bone
- Sesamoid bones
Long Bone
Long bones are longer than they are wider
- Femur
- Tibia
- Metalats
- Phalanges
Short Bone
roughly cubed shaped
- Carpels
- Tarlses
- Patellas
Flat bone
strong bones
- Scapula
- Frontal
- Pubis
- Hipbone
- Nasal Bone
Irregular Bone
thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior
- Vertebrae
- Coccyx
- Temporal
- Maxilla
Sesamoid bone
small and irregular shaped
- Patella
What do Joints do?
Joints allow for movement and stability
Three types of joints. Think: Fuck Cum Sex
Fibours
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous
- immovable
Bones are connected by fibrous movement and don’t allow movement. Provide protection for the brain. Eg, skull
Cartilaginous
- Slightly moveable
Bones are connected by cartilage and allow a little bit of movement.
Synovial joints
freely movable joints
- Most common joints and allow for maximum movement.
- Synovial fluid absorbs shock + reduces friction, found in the joint capsule
- Ligaments hold the bone together and prevent dislocation
- Cartilage prevents bones from rubbing together
What are the types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Condyloid
Synovial fluid
fluid in the joint capsule that absorbs shock and reduces friction.
Ligaments
holds bone to bone to prevent dislocation and stability to the joint
Synovial membrane
the lining around the outside that encloses the synovial fluid
Cartilage
a slightly hard, rubbery substance that prevents the bones from rubbing together.
Tendons
straps that surround joints, attaching muscles to bones.
Ball-and-socket joint
Movements include flexion, extension, circumduction, abduction. E.g. hip and shoulder joint.
Hinge joint
Movements include flexion and extension. E.g. elbow, knee, fingers and toes.
Condyloid joint
Movements include flexion, extension, abduction, and circumduction. E.g. jaw and finger joints.
Pivot joint
Allows only rotary movement around a single axis, examples are neck, radius, and ulna.
Gliding joint
Movements include linear motion, angular motion, circular motion, bending, stretching. E.g. wrist joint.
Saddle joint
Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. E.g. middle ear, thorax, joint of heel.
What is the role of the muscular system?
- Balance
- Posture
- Movement
- Heat generation
- Respiration
- Digestion
What are the types of muscles?
- Skeletal eg. shoulder muscles, hamstring muscles, abdominal muscles
- Cardiac eg. muscles within the heart (aorta, right ventricle…)
- Smooth eg. blood vessels, intestines, uterus, stomach
What are the functions of the muscle tissues?
- Contractibility
- Extensibility
- Excitability
- Elasticity
What is a voluntary muscle?
a muscle that can be controlled by the mind
- Structure is hereditary
- Structure determines best-suited sports and activities
- Made up of hundreds of fibres wrapped in a covering
- Most humans have 50% slow twitch and 50% fast twitch
What are the 2 main types of fibres in the muscular system?
Slow twitch and fast twitch
Slow twitch fibres
Are the red fibres as there are large amounts of oxygen, they are used for long-distance exercises
- Contract slowly
- Produce less force
- Fatigue slowly
- Suited to aerobic activities (distance)
Are slow-twitched fibres for aerobic or anaerobic exercises?
aerobic
Fast twitch Fibers
Fast twitch fibres are white fibres eg. shot put, javelin, high jump
- Contract quickly
- Produce more force
- Fatigue quickly
- Suited to anaerobic activities (speed/power)
Are fast twitch fibres suited for aerobic or anaerobic exercises?
anaerobic
What is the role of the circulatory system?
The heart pumps blood around the body, enabling the transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste. It helps stabilise the body’s temperature and maintain pH levels.
what are the major components of the circulatory system?
- heart
⁃ Cardiovascular system
⁃ Arteries, veins, capillaries ] blood vessels
⁃ Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, blood
How does the circulatory system function?
- ensures that blood is continually supplied
- controls body temperature by directing blood to the skin when it is hot, and
How does respiration contribute to exercise?
The blood transports oxygen to the red blood cells. The glucose and free-fatty acids are transported by plasma. Stroke volume is the amount of blood lump out of the left ventricle during a contraction. When training, stroke volume increases gradually as heart rate increases. As the body requires more oxygen, the heart rate continues to rise and beat more strongly. This is due to an increased amount of blood being pumped with each contraction of the hear
what is the role of the respiratory system?
move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases, takes oxygen from the atmosphere and positions it where it can diffuse into the blood
Components of the respiratory system?
- Lungs
- Trachea
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
- Mouth, nose and nasal cavity
- Cilia
Lungs function
right and left anatomies, used for gas exchange
Trachea function
hollow, tube-like, transports air in and out of the lungs
Pharynx function
Connects the cavities to trachea
Larynx
Made up of cartilages, voicebox
Bronchi function
connect to lungs, distribute air throughout lungs
Bronchioles function
tubes that branch from bronchi to alveoli, carry air into lungs
Alveoli function
thin, flat lines cells, pick up incoming energy (oxygen) and releases waste (CO2) in exhalation
Mouth, nose and nasal cavity function
bone and cartilage, filter, warm and humidifies air before into body
Cilia
microtubes coated by membrane, move water, and debris within airways
Inspiration
breathing in
- Occurs because of imbalance in air pressure between outside and lungs
- Air pressure in lungs decreases
- Air from outside of body fills lungs
Expiration
breathing out
- Occurs because of imbalance of air pressure within the lungs
- Air pressure increases
- Air is forced out (balances air pressure)
Exchange of gases
- Allows the body to replenish the oxygen and eliminate the carbon dioxide
- During inspiration, alveoli get air with high oxygen and low CO2
- At the same time, blood (with opposite features ↓oxygen, ↑CO2)
- This difference creates a pressure imbalance
Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood, CO2 moves from blood to alveoli (where it is breathed out)
what are CARBOHYDRATES
first and most important energy source
Simple carbohydrates
found naturally in foods, are able to be broken down quickly by body for energy eg. fruits, milk
Complex carbohydrates
harder to be broken down as are made of sugar molecules strung together in long, complex chains eg. peas, beans, vegetables
Fats
aka lipids, provide fatty acids, protect vital organs, insulate against extreme temps
Saturated fats
type of fat molecule where the fatty acid chains all have single bonds eg. avocado, butter
Monounsaturated
type of fat molecule that have one unsaturated carbon bond eg. peanuts, oil
Polyunsaturated
essential fatty acids that the body needs for brain function and cell growth eg. fish, flax seeds, nuts
Protein
naturally occurring, complex substance that consists of amino acid residues joined by peptide bonds eg. eggs, red meat, lentils, dairy
what is the basic contribution of exercise on respiration
The blood transports oxygen to the red blood cells. The glucose and free-fatty acids are transported by plasma. Stroke volume is the amount of blood lump out of the left ventricle during a contraction. When training, stroke volume increases gradually as heart rate increases. As the body requires more oxygen, the heart rate continues to rise and beat more strongly. This is due to an increased amount of blood being pumped with each contraction of the heart.
Stroke Volume
is the amount of blood lump out of the left ventricle during a contraction.
