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body systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the levels of organization in multicellular animals?

A

Cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems

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2
Q

Four major tissue types

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

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3
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities

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4
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Binds and supports body parts

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5
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Causes body parts to move

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6
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Responds to stimuli and transmits impulses

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7
Q

Secretory Epithelia

A

Can be unicellular or form multicellular glands

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8
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Secrete their products into ducts/tubes

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9
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Secrete their products into the bloodstream

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10
Q

Adipose (Fat) Tissue

A

Provides protective padding and stores fat, helps minimize heat gain/loss

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11
Q

Structure and Function of Cartilage and Bone

A

Rigid connective tissues - Reservoir for Calcium

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12
Q

Cartilage cells are…

A

Chondrocytes

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13
Q

Red blood cells are also known as…

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

Red blood cells… (function)

A

Carry oxygen

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15
Q

White blood cells are also known as…

A

Leukocytes

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16
Q

White blood cells… (function)

A

Assist in fighting infections

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17
Q

The plasma, a mixture of molecules, is also known as…

A

The liquid portion of blood (contains water, nutrients, wastes, salts)

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18
Q

Muscle fibers contain…

A

Actin and Myosin filaments

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19
Q

Three types of vertebrate muscle tissue are…

A

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle

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20
Q

Skeletal Muscles are…

A

Moves body parts: Under voluntary Control and striated

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21
Q

Smooth (Visceral) Muscles are…

A

NOT striated and is Involuntary

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22
Q

Cardiac Muscles are…

A

Only found in the heart wall: NOT striated and Involuntary
Features of both smooth and skeletal

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23
Q

Nervous tissue contains…

A

Neurons in the brain, Spinal cord, and nerves

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24
Q

Dendrites are…

A

Located in neurons: They receive a stimulus and conduct signals TO cell body

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25
Q

The Axon is…

A

“The main line of the Neuron”: They conduct nerve impulses AWAY FROM cell body

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26
Q

Negative Feedback Mechanism is…

A

A response in which the output is counter to and cancels the input, DECREASING the process

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27
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism is…

A

A response in which the output intensifies, increasing the input which INCREASES the process

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28
Q

The Integumentary System is…

A

Composed of skin and accessory organs (nails, hair, glands, and sensory receptors)

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29
Q

The Human Skin…

A

Protects the underlying tissues, regulate body temperature, collects information about the external environment

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30
Q

Outer epidermal layer is called…

A

Epidermis

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31
Q

Deeper layer is called…

A

Dermis

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32
Q

Keratin is….

A

A hard, waterproof protein

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33
Q

Eventually, the keratinized cells…

A

Die and are sloughed (to shed/remove) off

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34
Q

Melanocytes…

A

Produce a melanin pigment that absorbs UV light

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35
Q

Sweat Glands are also known as…

A

Sudoriferous Glands

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36
Q

Below the dermis is…

A

the Subcutaneous Layer

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37
Q

The Atria…

A

Are chambers of the heart that RECIEVE blood

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38
Q

Ventricles…

A

Pump blood into the arteries

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39
Q

Three kinds of blood vessels are…

A

Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins

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40
Q

Arteries…

A

Have thick walls, carry the blood AWAY from the heart, divide into small arterioles

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41
Q

Capillaries…

A

Are the location of tissue fluid exchange (gas, nutrients, and wastes)

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42
Q

Veins…

A

Transport blood TOWARDS the heart

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43
Q

Venules…

A

Vessels that take blood from capillaries and join to form a vein

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44
Q

What closes to prevent backflow and open in the direction of the heart?

A

One-way valves

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45
Q

What buffers the blood? (Hint: 2)

A

Salts and proteins

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46
Q

What pH do they (salts and proteins) keep blood at?

A

Near 7.4

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47
Q

Platelets (Clotting) are also known as…

A

Thrombocytes

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48
Q

Red blood cells contain/have…

A

Hemoglobin (lack a nucleus)

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49
Q

Anemia is….

A

A lack of enough red blood cells or not enough hemoglobin

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50
Q

Red Blood cells are manufactured in…

A

The Red bone marrow of the skull

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51
Q

Red Blood cells are destroyed in…

A

The Liver and the Spleen

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52
Q

When Red Blood cells are destroyed…

A

Hemoglobin is released, iron is recovered and returned to bone marrow (reuse)

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53
Q

Bile pigments are….

A

Heme portions that underwent chemical degradation and then excreted by the liver
Also colors the feces.

54
Q

White blood cells…

A

Are larger and contain a nucleus

55
Q

White blood cells…

A

Are larger and contain a nucleus, but have NO hemoglobin

56
Q

Pus is…

A

A thick, yellowish fluid that contains a large proportion of dead White Blood cells that have fought infection

57
Q

An Antigen is…

A

Any substance that stimulates production of antibodies
Also, antigens are foreign to the body

58
Q

When is a person actively immune?

A

When many B cells are being produced

59
Q

Blood Clotting is also known as…

A

Coagulation

60
Q

Hemophilia is…

A

A disease where the liver is unable to produce one of the clotting factors

61
Q

What are the four blood types?

A

A, B, AB, and O

62
Q

Agglutinate means…

A

To clot

63
Q

Agglutination is..

A

The Clumping of red blood cells due to a reaction between antigens on the red blood cells (clotting)

64
Q

Antigens are also…

A

Protein markers on the surface of blood cells

65
Q

Antibodies are…

A

Proteins made to defend against corresponding foreign antigens

66
Q

Type A blood produces…

A

A antigens and B antibodies

67
Q

Type B blood produces…

A

B antigens and A antibodies

68
Q

Type O blood produces…

A

NO antigens and both A and B anitbodies

69
Q

Type AB blood produces

A

both A and B antigens and NO antibodies

70
Q

People with type AB blood are…

A

Can receive any type of blood: Universal Recipient

71
Q

People with type O blood are…

A

Cannot receive A, B, or AB: Universal Donor

72
Q

Four nonspecific defenses includes…

A

Barriers to entry, inflammatory reaction, natural killer cells, and protective proteins

73
Q

Barriers to entry include… (Restriction of bacteria growth)

A

Mucus, Oil gland secretions, Ciliated cells

74
Q

The Stomach’s pH is…

A

1.2-3.0

75
Q

Lysozymes are…

A

Bacteria destroying enzymes, found in saliva and tears

76
Q

White blood cells (Lymphocytes) recognize antigens because…

A

They have antigen receptors

77
Q

Active immunity is…

A

Where an individual makes their own antibodies (gets the disease)

78
Q

Passive immunity is…

A

Where an individual receives prepared antibodies (vaccine)

79
Q

Active immunity is usually developed when…

A

A person is naturally infected or when they are feeling perfectly fine so that in the future, they won’t be infected

80
Q

Immunizations uses…

A

Vaccines to provide the antigen to which the immune system responds

81
Q

To prepare for vaccines…

A

Pathogens are treated so they are no longer virulent

82
Q

Passive immunity is usually developed when…

A

A person is given prepared antibodies prior to getting the disease (short-lived because the antibodies are not made by the bodies own B cells)

83
Q

The Digestive Tract in order is…

A

Ingestion of food, Breaking down of food, Absorbing of Nutrients, and Egestion (elimination of non-digestible remains)

84
Q

Human digestive tract is a complete…

A

Tube-within-a-tube System

85
Q

The Order of the Digestive Tract (body parts) is…

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

86
Q

Salivary amylase is…

A

The enzyme that begins starch digestion, ending in a product of maltose

87
Q

Food is chewed and mixed with saliva to form a…

A

Bolus

88
Q

HCl (hydrochloric acid) lowers pH of the gastric contents to..

A

About 2

89
Q

(Low pH leads to stopping the activity of Salivary amylase, increasing the production of Pepsin)
Pepsin is…

A

A hydrolytic enzyme that acts on proteins to produce peptides

90
Q

Chyme is…

A

Stomach contents, a thick, soupy mixture

91
Q

Villi (Rudges, Furrows) is…

A

What small intestine project. They are covered by microvilli
*Increases the surface area of the small intestine)

92
Q

The Liver…

A

Detoxifies blood by removing and metabolizing poisonous substances

93
Q

Bile is…

A

A secretion of the liver temporarily stored in the gallbladder before being sent to duodenum, mechanically breaking down fat

94
Q

Pancreas serves as both the…

A

Endocrine and Exocrine Gland

95
Q

Endocrine gland… (function)

A

Secretes glucagon and insulin hormone into the bloodstream

96
Q

Exocrine gland… (function)

A

Secretes pancreatic juice

97
Q

Feces consists of…

A

75% liquid and 25% solid

98
Q

The Respiratory system includes…

A

The Nose, Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and Lungs -> filters debris

99
Q

The Larynx is protected by…

A

Epiglottis, a flap of tissue

100
Q

Air flows from…

A

The Pharynx through the Glottis and into the Larynx, then flowing down the Trachea to the Bronchi.

101
Q

During Inhalation…

A

The Diaphragm lowers (contraction)

102
Q

During exhalation…

A

The Diaphragm raises (relaxation)

103
Q

Gas exchange of… is by diffusion.

A

Air in the Alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries

104
Q

These bean-shaped organs help with…

A

Urine formation

105
Q

The Kidneys are connected to…

A

A ureter, conducting urine from a Kidney to the Urinary Bladder

106
Q

Urine flows from the urinary bladder to the…

A

Urethra

107
Q

A single urethra…

A

Conducts urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body (through the penis or vaginal opening)

108
Q

What is the Renal Cortex?

A

The thin, outer layer of the Kidney

109
Q

Released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is…

A

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

110
Q

When ADH is released…

A

more water is Reabsorbed and there is LESS urine

111
Q

When ADH is NOT released…

A

more water is Excreted and there is MORE urine

112
Q

The Central Nervous System includes…

A

The Spinal cord and Brain

113
Q

Both the brain and spinal cord are…

A

Protected by bones and wrapped in connective tissue called Meninges

114
Q

The Spinal Cord… (functions. HINT: 2)

A

Center for reflex actions + Provides communication between the Brain and the Spinal Nerves.

115
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is located…

A

Outside the Central Nervous System

116
Q

The Somatic System (function)…

A

Contains nerves to carry SENSORY information TO the CNS and MOTOR commands AWAY from the CNS

117
Q

Voluntary control of the muscles involve…

A

the Brain

118
Q

Reflexes involve…

A

the Brain or Spinal cord

119
Q

Reflexes are…

A

Automatic, INVOLUNTARY responses

120
Q

A Reflex Arc involves… (pathway)

A

Sensory receptors generate an impulse -> spinal cord where signals are passed to interneurons -> travel along motor neurons to an effector

121
Q

The Autonomic System is…

A

A part of the Peripheral Nervous system

122
Q

The Sympathetic system is important during emergency situations. It is also known as…

A

“Fight or Flight Response”

123
Q

The Parasympathetic system is…

A

A site for internal response, resulting in a relaxed state

124
Q

Endocrine Glands are…

A

Ductless glands secreting hormones directly into the bloodstream

125
Q

Antagonistic Hormone Action…

A

Controls the effect of hormones

126
Q

Negative Feedback control…

A

Controls hormone action

127
Q

Antagonistic Actions of hormones…

A

Control Hormonal regulation

128
Q

Pancreas is composed of…

A

Exocrine and Endocrine tissue

129
Q

Insulin…

A

Increases blood sugar

130
Q

Glucagon…

A

Decreases blood sugar

biology - body systems in depth (1 decks)

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