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Body Systems > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissue

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

outer layer of a cell

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

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3
Q

The heart is located in the pericardial sac, which is located in what space in the thoracic cavity?

A

Mediastinum

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4
Q

Vertical line that divides the body into right and left

A

Sagittal

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5
Q

The tissue that anchors abdominal organs to each other

A

mesentery

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6
Q

The serous membrane that most closely covers the abdominal organs is

A

visceral peritoneum

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7
Q

Hip and shoulder joints are examples of triaxial joints also called

A

Ball and socket joints

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8
Q

Knees and elbows are examples of monaxial joints also called

A

hinge joints

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9
Q

The parasagittal plane is the line that divides the body into anterior and posterior it is also called the

A

Midaxillary

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10
Q

Another name for shock position is

A

Trendelenburg’s

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11
Q

What connects cartilage to bone?

A

Ligaments

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12
Q

The end of a long bone is called what?

A

Epiphysis

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13
Q

What is the only bone in body that does not articulate with another bone in the body?

A

Hyoid

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14
Q

Five sections of the vertebral column from superior to inferior

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx

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15
Q

The three portions of the sternum from superior to inferior

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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16
Q

What pairs of ribs are considered false ribs?

A

11 and 12

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17
Q

List the four functions of the skeletal system

A

Shape, protection, body movement, blood cells

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18
Q

The ability of the muscle to contract on its own is called

A

Automaticity

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19
Q

Attachment of muscle to a bone that does not move when the muscle contracts it its?

A

Origin

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20
Q

Along with the medulla, this part of the brain controls breathing

A

pons

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21
Q

The only complete ring of cartilage in the trachea is the

A

Cricoid Cartilage

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22
Q

The larynx is located (blank) to the esophagus

A

Anterior

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23
Q

The lungs are covered by a smooth, moist epithelial layer of tissue called the…

A

visceral pleura

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24
Q

Which of the following terms is used to describe the portion of the throat directly behind the mouth?

A

oropharynx

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25
Q

The two main sets of muscles during the normal breathing process are what?

A

Diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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26
Q

What best describes the action the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

The muscle fibers contract, and the dome flattens and lowers

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27
Q

Blood returned from the body to the lungs is?

A

High in CO2 and low in O2

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28
Q

The trachea of a small child is?

A

Soft and easily obstructed

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29
Q

What vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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30
Q

What vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Veins

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31
Q

Hyperventilation leads to (blank)

A

Carbon dioxide levels

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32
Q

What three things happen in the nasal cavity before air reaches the lungs?

A

Warmed, humidified, filtered

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33
Q

Stimulation of the hypopharynx will cause what?

A

Gag reflex, heart rate to decrease, blood pressure to decrease, Respiratory rate to decrease, Intercranial pressure increase

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34
Q

What produces speech and prevents solids and liquids from entering the trachea?

A

larynx

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35
Q

What is the leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that automatically covers the entrance of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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36
Q

What is the trachea lined with that sweep foreign materials out of the lower airway?

A

Cilia

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37
Q

What are lined with smooth muscle and have the ability to constrict and dilate to certain stimuli? (Hint: if they constrict the diameter is decreased making it difficult for the patient to breath, therefore they need to be administered a breathing treatment)

A

Bronchioles

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38
Q

What are the terminal ends of the bronchioles and are surrounded with capillaries that exchange deoxygenated from the body for oxygenated blood to be transported to the body via systemic circulation?

A

Alveoli

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39
Q

What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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40
Q

Chemoreceptors in what area of the brain detect an increase in CO2 and stimulate respiration?

A

Medulla

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41
Q

The average respiratory rate of an adult is?

A

12-20

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42
Q

What measures the amount of air inhaled an exhaled in one normal breath?

A

Tidal volume

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43
Q

What is responsible for voluntary control of breathing?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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44
Q

What is the distal portion of the trachea that branches off and enters each lung?

A

Bronchus

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45
Q

What nerve exits the spinal column between the third and fifth cervical vertebrae and transmits electrical impulses that cause he diaphragm to contract?

A

Phrenic

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46
Q

What chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-rich blood out of the heart for distribution to the rest of the body?

A

Left ventricle

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47
Q

The major artery that leads from the heart is?

A

Aorta

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48
Q

The pulse that is located on the foot is?

A

Dorsalis pedis

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49
Q

The blood vessels where gases, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged between the body’s cells and blood stream are the?

A

Capillaries

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50
Q

What element of the blood are part of the body’s immune syster?

A

white blood cells(leukocytes)

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51
Q

The pressure created in the arteries when the blood is forced out of the heart is referred to as what?

A

Systolic pressure

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52
Q

What proteins are found in plasma?

A

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

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53
Q

What are the five types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

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54
Q

Three places blood is made

A

liver, spleen, red bone marrow

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55
Q

Route of electrical impulses in the heart

A

Sino-atrial, atrioventricular, bundle of his, perkinje fibers

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56
Q

Four functions of the cardiovascular system

A

transport blood, fluid balance, protection, temperature regulation

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57
Q

The vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium are

A

Coronary arteries

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58
Q

The major component of the erythrocyte is

A

hemoglobin

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59
Q

Blood flow through the heart after it leaves the heart (Systemic circulation)

A

Blood leaves the heart through the aorta which breaks down into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins venules, back to heart via venae cavae

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60
Q

The lower boarder of the heart is called the

A

apex

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61
Q

What is the top part of the heart called?

A

Base

62
Q

The outer most layer of the heart is called what?

A

Epicardium

63
Q

The two layer protective sac surrounding the heart is called the what?

A

pericardium

64
Q

The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood is the?

A

Pulmonary artery

65
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A

Blood enters the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary arteries, into the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary veins, into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, through the aortic valve, to the aorta

66
Q

What is the force exerted on the inside of the vessel walls as a result of the blood pressure and volume?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

67
Q

What is metabolism that uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct is?

A

Aerobic

68
Q

What is the outer layer of the meninges?

A

Duramater

69
Q

What determines what information passes to the cerebrum and is responsible for controlling body temperature?

A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

Body functions such as digestion, heart rate, and activities of involuntary muscles are controlled by what part of the nervous system?

A

autonomic

71
Q

What is the innermost meningeal layer is what? And what is the space above it called?

A

Pia meter; subarachnoid space

72
Q

What two types of nerves make up the Peripheral nervous system?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

73
Q

The peripheral nervous system is broken down into what?

A

The autonomic and the somatic

74
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into what?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic

75
Q

What part of the nervous system releases norepinephrine during times of stress to increase heart rate rate, blood pressure, bgl, and constriction of peripheral blood vessels (fight of flight)

A

sympathetic

76
Q

Four types of adrenergic receptors and what they are responsible for

A

Alpha 1: peripheral vasoconstriction
Alpha 2: regulates release of A1
Beta 1: Coronary vasodilation
Beta 2: bronchodilation

77
Q

The chemical neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is?

A

norepinephrine

78
Q

The chemical neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is?

A

acetycholine

79
Q

What component of the skeletal system houses the cranium, spinal column, and thorax?

A

axial

80
Q

What component of the skeletal system houses the pelvis and extremities?

A

appendicular

81
Q

What is the hollow shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

82
Q

What are the 3 basic types of joints?

A

Synarthroses-immovable
amphiarthroses-limited movement
diarthroses(synovial)-free movement

83
Q

What are the parts of the upper airway?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, vocal cords, glottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, cricothyroid membrane, hyoid bone, vallecula

84
Q

What is the vallecula?

A

Space between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis

85
Q

What is the smallest part of the adult airway?

A

Glottis, the space between the vocal cords, where intubation happens

86
Q

What are the parts of the lower airway?

A

Trachea, Bronchial tree, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs

87
Q

What is the fluid that coats the alveoli?

A

Surfactant

88
Q

What is the air passage from the larynx to the lungs?

A

trachea

89
Q

What is respiration?

A

exchange of o2 and co2 between an organism in it’s environment and carried on by expansion and contracting of the lungs

90
Q

What is ventilation?

A

moving of air in and out of the lungs

91
Q

What are the two phases of ventilation?

A

External-transfer of o2 and co2 between inspired air and pulmonary capillaries (transfer of gases in lungs)
Internal-transfer of o2 and co2 between peripheral capillaries and tissue (transfer of gases throughout body)

92
Q

What are the normal mechanisms of breathing? And what is this called?

A

Chemoreceptors, vagal reflex, cerebral cortex; hyper carbic drive

93
Q

What is compliance?

A

The ease with which the lungs and thorax expand during pressure changes (ease of ventilation)

94
Q

What is minute volume?

A

Air exchanged in one minute (respirations X tidal volume)

95
Q

What do the five types of leukocytes do?

A

Neutrophils-fight bacterial infection
Lymphocytes-fight viral and fungal infections
Monocytes-work with lymphocytes
Eosinophils-fight allergic reactions, also called MAST cells
Basophils-work with eosinophils for allergic reactions and store histamines, release heparin which inhibits blood clotting

96
Q

What are the major arteries?

A

Aorta, coronary, carotid, femoral, doralis pedis, brachial, radial, pulmonary(only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood)

97
Q

What are the three layers of the heart in order from superficial to deep?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

98
Q

What is another name for automaticity?

A

Self polarization

99
Q

What is the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts?

A

systolic

100
Q

What is the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest?

A

diastolic

101
Q

What type of metabolism does not use oxygen and has a byproduct of increased acid (H+)

A

Anaerobic

102
Q

What is a nerve cell called?

A

Neuron

103
Q

What is the main part of the neuron?

A

cell body

104
Q

What are extensions of neurons that receive cell impulses and conduct them to the cell body?

A

Dendrites

105
Q

What are extensions of the neuron that carry impulses away from the cell body?

A

Axon

106
Q

What is synapse?

A

Region surrounding point of contact between two neurons, or a neuron and an organ (space)

107
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Terminal end of an axon, what carries info

108
Q

What are the four regions of the brain?

A

Brain stem, Diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum

109
Q

What are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain (mesencephalon)

110
Q

What are the two parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

111
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum? And their functions?

A

Frontal-voluntary motor function, personality, motivation, aggression, mood
parietal-sensory info, reception
occipital-visual stimuli
temporal-speech, memory, olfactory

112
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

113
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?

A

Subarachnoid space

114
Q

What nerve controls the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

10, vagus

115
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Topographical region if body surface innervated by one nerve root

116
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor control modified forms of respiration (i.e. sneeze)

117
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum, sleep, picks up respiratory when medulla fails

118
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Visual and auditory impulses, many cranial nerves exit the midbrain

119
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory station, emotions, relays info to cerebral cortex, Reticular activating system (keeps body in consciousness)

120
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

“gatekeeper” determines what passes to the cerebrum; controls body temp

121
Q

What is the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination, balance

122
Q

What is the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Sensation, thought, memory

123
Q

How many pulmonary vessels are there?

A

2 arteries, 4 veins

123
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

Relays info from body to brain, main reflex center

124
Q

What does the thyroid do and where is it located?

A

Metabolism, growth and development; neck

125
Q

What does the parathyroid do and where is it located?

A

Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus; behind neck

126
Q

What do the adrenal glands do and where are they located?

A

Secrete adrenaline, control kidneys, increase sugar storage, regulate salt and water; top of kidneys

127
Q

What do the gonads do and where are they located?

A

Reproduction; ovaries/testes

128
Q

What to the Islets of Langerhans do and and where are they located?

A

Make insulin for sugar metabolism; pancreas

129
Q

What does the pituitary gland do and where is it located?

A

Regulates: growth, parathyroid, thyroid, pancreas, gonads, metabolism of fatty acids, basic proteins, blood sugar reactions, urinary excretion, ADH, oxytocin; base of brain

130
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Allows glucose to enter the cells

131
Q

What is the “door” to the stomach?

A

cardiac sphincter

132
Q

What is food broken down into?

A

chyme

133
Q

Where does chyme enter the small intestine?

A

Through the pylorus to the doudenum

134
Q

Where is the major site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine?

A

Jejunum

135
Q

What does the liver do?

A

filters blood, helps maintain BGL, produces bile, store sugar

136
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

137
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Aids in digestion of fats, starches, and proteins; produces insulin

138
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filters blood; stores blood body can use in emergencies

139
Q

What is the movement of food through the called?

A

peristalsis

140
Q

Path of waste leaving the body through the large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Ascending colon
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Descending colon
  5. Sigmoid colon
  6. Rectum
  7. Anus
141
Q

What is the outermost layer of skin called?

A

Epidermis

142
Q

What does the dermis do?

A

Connects to nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, and hair follicles

143
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue made of and what does it do?

A

Adipose tissue, insulates

144
Q

The sebaceous gland secretes what?

A

Sebum, which lubricates the epidermis

145
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Maintains homeostasis by filtering blood and extracting wastes

146
Q

What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

147
Q

What is renin?

A

Enzyme responsible for lowering BP

148
Q

(Blank) carry urine from kidneys to (blank) where is it stored until it leaves the body through the (blank)

A

Ureters; urinary bladder; urethra

149
Q

What are the female reproductive organs and what do they do?

A

Ovaries-helps produce egg and secretes estrogen and progesterone
fallopian tubes- carry egg from ovary to uterus; where fertilization takes place
uterus-where the fetus develops
vagina-where sperm enters and travels to uterus

Body Systems (1 decks)

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