Body Systems Flashcards
Four types of tissue
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
outer layer of a cell
Cytoplasmic membrane
The heart is located in the pericardial sac, which is located in what space in the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
Vertical line that divides the body into right and left
Sagittal
The tissue that anchors abdominal organs to each other
mesentery
The serous membrane that most closely covers the abdominal organs is
visceral peritoneum
Hip and shoulder joints are examples of triaxial joints also called
Ball and socket joints
Knees and elbows are examples of monaxial joints also called
hinge joints
The parasagittal plane is the line that divides the body into anterior and posterior it is also called the
Midaxillary
Another name for shock position is
Trendelenburg’s
What connects cartilage to bone?
Ligaments
The end of a long bone is called what?
Epiphysis
What is the only bone in body that does not articulate with another bone in the body?
Hyoid
Five sections of the vertebral column from superior to inferior
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx
The three portions of the sternum from superior to inferior
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
What pairs of ribs are considered false ribs?
11 and 12
List the four functions of the skeletal system
Shape, protection, body movement, blood cells
The ability of the muscle to contract on its own is called
Automaticity
Attachment of muscle to a bone that does not move when the muscle contracts it its?
Origin
Along with the medulla, this part of the brain controls breathing
pons
The only complete ring of cartilage in the trachea is the
Cricoid Cartilage
The larynx is located (blank) to the esophagus
Anterior
The lungs are covered by a smooth, moist epithelial layer of tissue called the…
visceral pleura
Which of the following terms is used to describe the portion of the throat directly behind the mouth?
oropharynx
The two main sets of muscles during the normal breathing process are what?
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles
What best describes the action the diaphragm during inspiration?
The muscle fibers contract, and the dome flattens and lowers
Blood returned from the body to the lungs is?
High in CO2 and low in O2
The trachea of a small child is?
Soft and easily obstructed
What vessels carry oxygenated blood away from the heart?
Arteries
What vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?
Veins
Hyperventilation leads to (blank)
Carbon dioxide levels
What three things happen in the nasal cavity before air reaches the lungs?
Warmed, humidified, filtered
Stimulation of the hypopharynx will cause what?
Gag reflex, heart rate to decrease, blood pressure to decrease, Respiratory rate to decrease, Intercranial pressure increase
What produces speech and prevents solids and liquids from entering the trachea?
larynx
What is the leaf-shaped flap of cartilage that automatically covers the entrance of the larynx?
Epiglottis
What is the trachea lined with that sweep foreign materials out of the lower airway?
Cilia
What are lined with smooth muscle and have the ability to constrict and dilate to certain stimuli? (Hint: if they constrict the diameter is decreased making it difficult for the patient to breath, therefore they need to be administered a breathing treatment)
Bronchioles
What are the terminal ends of the bronchioles and are surrounded with capillaries that exchange deoxygenated from the body for oxygenated blood to be transported to the body via systemic circulation?
Alveoli
What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
Diaphragm
Chemoreceptors in what area of the brain detect an increase in CO2 and stimulate respiration?
Medulla
The average respiratory rate of an adult is?
12-20
What measures the amount of air inhaled an exhaled in one normal breath?
Tidal volume
What is responsible for voluntary control of breathing?
Cerebral Cortex
What is the distal portion of the trachea that branches off and enters each lung?
Bronchus
What nerve exits the spinal column between the third and fifth cervical vertebrae and transmits electrical impulses that cause he diaphragm to contract?
Phrenic
What chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-rich blood out of the heart for distribution to the rest of the body?
Left ventricle
The major artery that leads from the heart is?
Aorta
The pulse that is located on the foot is?
Dorsalis pedis
The blood vessels where gases, nutrients, and waste products are exchanged between the body’s cells and blood stream are the?
Capillaries
What element of the blood are part of the body’s immune syster?
white blood cells(leukocytes)
The pressure created in the arteries when the blood is forced out of the heart is referred to as what?
Systolic pressure
What proteins are found in plasma?
Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen
What are the five types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
Three places blood is made
liver, spleen, red bone marrow
Route of electrical impulses in the heart
Sino-atrial, atrioventricular, bundle of his, perkinje fibers
Four functions of the cardiovascular system
transport blood, fluid balance, protection, temperature regulation
The vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the myocardium are
Coronary arteries
The major component of the erythrocyte is
hemoglobin
Blood flow through the heart after it leaves the heart (Systemic circulation)
Blood leaves the heart through the aorta which breaks down into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins venules, back to heart via venae cavae
The lower boarder of the heart is called the
apex
What is the top part of the heart called?
Base
The outer most layer of the heart is called what?
Epicardium
The two layer protective sac surrounding the heart is called the what?
pericardium
The only artery that carries deoxygenated blood is the?
Pulmonary artery
Blood flow through the heart
Blood enters the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary arteries, into the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary veins, into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, through the aortic valve, to the aorta
What is the force exerted on the inside of the vessel walls as a result of the blood pressure and volume?
Hydrostatic pressure
What is metabolism that uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct is?
Aerobic
What is the outer layer of the meninges?
Duramater
What determines what information passes to the cerebrum and is responsible for controlling body temperature?
Hypothalamus
Body functions such as digestion, heart rate, and activities of involuntary muscles are controlled by what part of the nervous system?
autonomic
What is the innermost meningeal layer is what? And what is the space above it called?
Pia meter; subarachnoid space
What two types of nerves make up the Peripheral nervous system?
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
The peripheral nervous system is broken down into what?
The autonomic and the somatic
The autonomic nervous system is divided into what?
The sympathetic and parasympathetic
What part of the nervous system releases norepinephrine during times of stress to increase heart rate rate, blood pressure, bgl, and constriction of peripheral blood vessels (fight of flight)
sympathetic
Four types of adrenergic receptors and what they are responsible for
Alpha 1: peripheral vasoconstriction
Alpha 2: regulates release of A1
Beta 1: Coronary vasodilation
Beta 2: bronchodilation
The chemical neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is?
norepinephrine
The chemical neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is?
acetycholine
What component of the skeletal system houses the cranium, spinal column, and thorax?
axial
What component of the skeletal system houses the pelvis and extremities?
appendicular
What is the hollow shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
What are the 3 basic types of joints?
Synarthroses-immovable
amphiarthroses-limited movement
diarthroses(synovial)-free movement
What are the parts of the upper airway?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, vocal cords, glottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis, cricothyroid membrane, hyoid bone, vallecula
What is the vallecula?
Space between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis
What is the smallest part of the adult airway?
Glottis, the space between the vocal cords, where intubation happens
What are the parts of the lower airway?
Trachea, Bronchial tree, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
What is the fluid that coats the alveoli?
Surfactant
What is the air passage from the larynx to the lungs?
trachea
What is respiration?
exchange of o2 and co2 between an organism in it’s environment and carried on by expansion and contracting of the lungs
What is ventilation?
moving of air in and out of the lungs
What are the two phases of ventilation?
External-transfer of o2 and co2 between inspired air and pulmonary capillaries (transfer of gases in lungs)
Internal-transfer of o2 and co2 between peripheral capillaries and tissue (transfer of gases throughout body)
What are the normal mechanisms of breathing? And what is this called?
Chemoreceptors, vagal reflex, cerebral cortex; hyper carbic drive
What is compliance?
The ease with which the lungs and thorax expand during pressure changes (ease of ventilation)
What is minute volume?
Air exchanged in one minute (respirations X tidal volume)
What do the five types of leukocytes do?
Neutrophils-fight bacterial infection
Lymphocytes-fight viral and fungal infections
Monocytes-work with lymphocytes
Eosinophils-fight allergic reactions, also called MAST cells
Basophils-work with eosinophils for allergic reactions and store histamines, release heparin which inhibits blood clotting
What are the major arteries?
Aorta, coronary, carotid, femoral, doralis pedis, brachial, radial, pulmonary(only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood)
What are the three layers of the heart in order from superficial to deep?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
What is another name for automaticity?
Self polarization
What is the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts?
systolic
What is the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries when the left ventricle is at rest?
diastolic
What type of metabolism does not use oxygen and has a byproduct of increased acid (H+)
Anaerobic
What is a nerve cell called?
Neuron
What is the main part of the neuron?
cell body
What are extensions of neurons that receive cell impulses and conduct them to the cell body?
Dendrites
What are extensions of the neuron that carry impulses away from the cell body?
Axon
What is synapse?
Region surrounding point of contact between two neurons, or a neuron and an organ (space)
What is a neurotransmitter?
Terminal end of an axon, what carries info
What are the four regions of the brain?
Brain stem, Diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum
What are the three regions of the brain stem?
Medulla, pons, midbrain (mesencephalon)
What are the two parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum? And their functions?
Frontal-voluntary motor function, personality, motivation, aggression, mood
parietal-sensory info, reception
occipital-visual stimuli
temporal-speech, memory, olfactory
What are the three layers of the meninges from superficial to deep?
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?
Subarachnoid space
What nerve controls the parasympathetic nervous system?
10, vagus
What are dermatomes?
Topographical region if body surface innervated by one nerve root
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
cardiac, respiratory, vasomotor control modified forms of respiration (i.e. sneeze)
What is the function of the pons?
Relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum, sleep, picks up respiratory when medulla fails
What is the function of the midbrain?
Visual and auditory impulses, many cranial nerves exit the midbrain
What is the function of the thalamus?
Sensory station, emotions, relays info to cerebral cortex, Reticular activating system (keeps body in consciousness)
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
“gatekeeper” determines what passes to the cerebrum; controls body temp
What is the functions of the cerebellum?
Coordination, balance
What is the functions of the cerebrum?
Sensation, thought, memory
How many pulmonary vessels are there?
2 arteries, 4 veins
What is the function of the spinal cord?
Relays info from body to brain, main reflex center
What does the thyroid do and where is it located?
Metabolism, growth and development; neck
What does the parathyroid do and where is it located?
Metabolism of calcium and phosphorus; behind neck
What do the adrenal glands do and where are they located?
Secrete adrenaline, control kidneys, increase sugar storage, regulate salt and water; top of kidneys
What do the gonads do and where are they located?
Reproduction; ovaries/testes
What to the Islets of Langerhans do and and where are they located?
Make insulin for sugar metabolism; pancreas
What does the pituitary gland do and where is it located?
Regulates: growth, parathyroid, thyroid, pancreas, gonads, metabolism of fatty acids, basic proteins, blood sugar reactions, urinary excretion, ADH, oxytocin; base of brain
What does insulin do?
Allows glucose to enter the cells
What is the “door” to the stomach?
cardiac sphincter
What is food broken down into?
chyme
Where does chyme enter the small intestine?
Through the pylorus to the doudenum
Where is the major site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
Jejunum
What does the liver do?
filters blood, helps maintain BGL, produces bile, store sugar
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
What does the pancreas do?
Aids in digestion of fats, starches, and proteins; produces insulin
What does the spleen do?
Filters blood; stores blood body can use in emergencies
What is the movement of food through the called?
peristalsis
Path of waste leaving the body through the large intestine
- Cecum
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
- Rectum
- Anus
What is the outermost layer of skin called?
Epidermis
What does the dermis do?
Connects to nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, and hair follicles
What is the subcutaneous tissue made of and what does it do?
Adipose tissue, insulates
The sebaceous gland secretes what?
Sebum, which lubricates the epidermis
What is the function of the urinary system?
Maintains homeostasis by filtering blood and extracting wastes
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is renin?
Enzyme responsible for lowering BP
(Blank) carry urine from kidneys to (blank) where is it stored until it leaves the body through the (blank)
Ureters; urinary bladder; urethra
What are the female reproductive organs and what do they do?
Ovaries-helps produce egg and secretes estrogen and progesterone
fallopian tubes- carry egg from ovary to uterus; where fertilization takes place
uterus-where the fetus develops
vagina-where sperm enters and travels to uterus
