Body System

Question 1

1. *Define digestion

Answer 1

Digestion Is The process of breaking down food into substances by mechanically and chemically which the body can use for energy, tissue growth, and repair.

Question 2

2. *Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion.

Answer 2

Mechanical digestion is when the food is broken down into smaller pieces and is a physical change as no new substances are made. Chemical digestion involves the breaking down of large complex substances into smaller chemicals that the body can absorb in chemical digestion a new substance is produced

Question 3

3. Outline the 4 main types of teeth.

Answer 3

molars, canines, incisors and the premolars

Question 4

4. Explain the role of saliva in digestion.

Answer 4

Saliva contains a chemical that starts to change any complex sugar in the food to glucose, saliva moistens the food making it slippery and easy to swallow

Question 5

5. What is peristalsis and where does it occur?

Answer 5

Peristalsis is where the muscles of the oesophagus push the ball of food down the tube by contracting behind the ball then the muscles then relax. This occurs in the oesophagus.

Question 6

6. What are the main roles of the stomach?

Answer 6

The main role of the stomach includes the storing, changing and breaking down of food

Question 7

7. What are the main roles of the small intestine?

Answer 7

The small intestines main roles include carrying chemicals important for digestion these chemicals help digest carbohydrates, fats and protein

Question 8

How do the pancreas assist in digestion?

Answer 8

Pancreas is not part of the digestive tract, but an organ connected to it and produces pancreatic juice called enzymes which breaks down fats starches and sugars

Question 9

How do the liver assist in digestion?

Answer 9

The liver is the bodies largest internal organ and performs 500 different chemical processes therefore we cannot live without the liver

Question 10

How does the gall bladder assist in digestion?

Answer 10

The gallbladder stores bile, a thick liquid that’s produced by the liver to help us digest fats.

Question 11

9. What is the role of the large intestine?

Answer 11

The large intestine is final section of your digestive tract . The large intestine has 3 primary functions: absorbing water and electrolytes producing and absorbing vitamins, Forming and moving waste toward the rectum for elimination.

Question 12

11. *Define respiration.

Answer 12

Respiration is the uptake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body.

Question 13

What is cilia and what is its role?

Answer 13

Cilia are tiny hair-like structures found on the surface of cells in the respiratory tract. They move in a coordinated way to help clear mucus and trapped particles from the airways, preventing infection and keeping the respiratory system clean

Question 14

Explain the role of alveoli in terms of gas exchange.

Answer 14

where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out

Question 15

Outline the path of air from the nose to the alveoli.

Answer 15

Air enters through the nose or mouth, passes through the trachea, travels down the bronchi, and then branches into smaller bronchioles. Finally, it reaches the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

Question 16

Explain the movement of the ribs and diaphragm during inhalation.

Answer 16

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, and the ribs move upward and outward. This increases the volume of the chest cavity, causing air to flow into the lungs.

Question 17

16. Explain the movement of the ribs and diaphragm during exhalation.

Answer 17

During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, and the ribs move downward and inward. This decreases the volume of the chest cavity, forcing air out of the lungs.

Question 18

*Write the word equation for respiration.

Answer 18

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Question 19

Outline the role of the circulatory system.

Answer 19

The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It also helps regulate temperature and protect the body from infection.

Question 20

*List the 3 types of blood vessels and explain their features.

Answer 20

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. They have thick, muscular walls to withstand high pressure.

Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow of blood.

Capillaries: Smallest blood vessels, where gas exchange occurs between the blood and tissues.

Question 21

What is a bruise?

Answer 21

A bruise is a collection of blood beneath the skin caused by damage to blood vessels.

Question 22

What is the muscle in the heart called?

Answer 22

The muscle in the heart is called cardiac muscle.

Question 23

*What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and which sides of the heart are they found?

Answer 23

Oxygenated blood is rich in oxygen and is found in the left side of the heart, which pumps it to the body.

Deoxygenated blood is low in oxygen and is found in the right side of the heart, which pumps it to the lungs.

Question 24

*Name the 4 main blood vessels of the heart and explain where they collect blood from or send blood to. Include a diagram.

Answer 24

Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Pulmonary veins: Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Vena cava: Collects deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the right atrium.

Question 25

Which parts of the heart contract to make a heartbeat?

Answer 25

The atria and ventricles contract in a coordinated manner, with the atria contracting first to fill the ventricles, followed by the ventricles contracting to pump blood out of the heart.

Question 26

What is the main cause of heart disease?

Answer 26

The main cause of heart disease is the build-up of plaque in the arteries (atherosclerosis), which restricts blood flow and can lead to heart attacks or strokes.

Question 27

List the 4 components of blood and explain their role in blood. (p)

Answer 27

Red blood cells: Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and return carbon dioxide to the lungs for exhalation.

White blood cells: Fight infections and protect the body against diseases.

Platelets: Help with blood clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

Plasma: The liquid part of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, waste products, and proteins.

Question 28

What is defecation?

Answer 28

Defecation is the process of eliminating solid waste (feces) from the digestive system through the rectum and anus.

Question 29

What is excretion?

Answer 29

Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body, including metabolic waste like urea, carbon dioxide, and excess salts.

Question 30

. List the substances excreted by the following parts of the excretory system:

a) Lungs:
b) Liver
c) Skin:
d) Kidneys:

Answer 30

a) Lungs: Carbon dioxide and water vapor.
b) Liver: Bile, a substance involved in the breakdown of fats.
c) Skin: Sweat, which contains water, salts, and small amounts of urea.
d) Kidneys: Urine, which contains water, urea, salts, and other waste products.

Question 31

What is the name of the tiny filtration units found in the renal cortex of the kidney?

Answer 31

The tiny filtration units are called nephrons.

Question 32

Outline the path of urine from the kidneys to the outside.

Answer 32

Urine is produced in the kidneys and travels through the renal pelvis into the ureter. It is then stored in the bladder and exits the body through the urethra.

Question 33

What are kidney stones and how do you get them?

Answer 33

Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys. They can form due to dehydration, high salt intake, or certain medical conditions.

Question 34

What are the 3 main functions of the skeleton?

Answer 34

Support: The skeleton provides a rigid framework that supports the body.
Protection: It protects vital organs like the brain, heart, and lungs.
Movement: Bones act as levers and work with muscles to enable movement.

Question 35

-How many bones are in an adult skeleton?

Answer 35

An adult skeleton has 206 bones.

Question 36

What are the 2 types of bone tissue that make up bones?

Answer 36

Compact bone: Dense and forms the outer layer of bones.
Spongy bone: Lighter, less dense, and found inside bones, especially in the ends of long bones.

Question 37

List the 3 main parts of a joint in the skeletal system.

Answer 37

Articular cartilage:
Joint capsule:
Synovial fluid:

Question 38

*Name the 4 main types of joints in the skeletal system.

Answer 38

Ball-and-socket joint: Allows movement in all directions (e.g., shoulder, hip).
Hinge joint: Allows movement in one direction (e.g., elbow, knee).
Pivot joint: Allows rotation (e.g., neck).
Gliding joint: Allows sliding movements (e.g., wrists, ankles).

Question 39

Differentiate between muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

Answer 39

Muscles: Tissue that contracts to produce movement.
Tendons: Tough, fibrous tissues that connect muscles to bones.
Ligaments: Strong connective tissues that connect bones to other bones at joints.

Question 40

How does an antagonistic pair of muscles help move a limb?

Answer 40

An antagonistic pair of muscles consists of one muscle that contracts (agonist) and another that relaxes (antagonist). For example, when the bicep contracts to bend the arm, the tricep relaxes, and vice versa when extending the arm.