Body Science Revision Flashcards
Revise the body
1
Q
What are enzymes?
A
Enzymes are proteins that can break large nutrients (food) molecules into smaller ones
2
Q
What are Enzymes a type of?
A
Catalyst
3
Q
What do catalysts do?
A
They speed up digestion and are not used up
4
Q
What is an oesophagus’ function?
A
Muscles in the wall of the gullet push the food along
5
Q
What is the mouth’s function?
A
Food is chewed and broken into pieces by teeth to increase surface area and mixed with saliva.
6
Q
What is the large intestine’s function?
A
Undigested food makes it this far. Any water still left gets reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
7
Q
Name one nutrient that begins with p
A
Proteins
8
Q
Name one nutrient that starts with W
A
Water
9
Q
Is minerals a nutrient
A
Yes
10
Q
What is the small intestine’s function?
A
More digestive juices are added and nutrients are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
11
Q
What is the function of the stomach?
A
The stomach is a bag of muscle that churns food and mixes it with the digestive juices.
12
Q
What is the function of a pancreas?
A
It produces enzymes that help digest food, particularly protein. It also makes the insulin which helps control blood sugar levels.
13
Q
What is the function of a rectum?
A
It receives waste from the colon an stores it until it passes out of the body through the anus.
14
Q
What is the function of the anus?
A
Where faeces is released out of the body
15
Q
What are some nutrients
A
Carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, dietary fibre
16
Q
What is an independent variable?
A
Only change one
17
Q
What is an dependant variable?
A
It depends on the independent variable
18
Q
What are control variables?
A
You keep them the same
19
Q
What happens when food burns?
A
It releases chemical energy
20
Q
The more energy in the food the hotter or colder the water gets?
A
Hotter
21
Q
Fill in the blanks
The _______ Artery takes blood to the _________
A
Pulmonary and lungs
22
Q
What is the part of the heart on the left 1 down from the top?
A
Vena Carva
23
Q
What does Carva mean?
A
Blood form the body
24
Q
What is the one underneath Vena Carva?
A
Right Atrium
25
What is the one underneath Right Atrium?
Right ventricle
26
Fill in the blanks
The A______ takes blood to the B_____
Arteries and Body
27
What is the one on the right side 2nd down?
Pulmonary veins
28
What is the one under Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
29
What is the one under the
left Atrium?
Left ventricle
30
What muscle is the heart made out of?
Cardiac
31
It is a double pump that squeezes blood around the what?
Lungs and body
32
What does the right side pump blood to?
The lungs to pick up oxygen
33
Where does the left side pump the blood to?
The rest of the body
34
Where does the Artery carry blood to?
Body
35
Is the Artery under high or low pressure?
High
36
What is a description of the walls of an Artery?
Thick and strong
37
Does an Artery have valves?
Yes
38
Where does the vein carry blood to?
Heart and lungs
39
Is a vein under high or low pressure?
Low
40
What is a description of a vein’s wall?
Thinner
41
Does a vein have valves?
No
42
Where does a capillary carry blood to?
Muscles
43
Is a capillary under high or low pressure?
It changes
44
What is the description for a capillary’s wall?
Very thin
45
Do capillaries have valves?
No
46
A disease is something that can cause what?
Damage
47
What does diseases cause damage to?
The body and how it functions
48
Some diseases are what and some diseases can be
Mild and deadly
49
Some diseases are caused by what?
Spread from person to person
50
Some diseases can also be caused by what?
Other factors
51
What causes salmonella?
Eating under cooked meat
52
What are the symptoms to salmonella?
Vomiting, stomach. cramps and headache
53
How do you treat salmonella ?
Drink water, eat low fat yogurt
54
How do you prevent getting salmonella?
Make sure the food is cooked and no cross contamination
55
What causes heart disease?
Being overweight, not exercising, smoking and having high blood pressure.
56
What are the symptoms of heart disease?
Chest pain, heart attack and a stroke
57
How do you treat heart diseases?
Stop smoking, loose weight, healthy diet and maybe a surgery.
58
How do you prevent getting a heart attack?
Don’t smoke, choose healthy diet, keep a healthy weight and be active
59
What causes cancer?
Infections, alcohol, unhealthy diet, smoking, age, genetics and more.
60
What are the symptoms of cancer?
Change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding or discharge, thickening or lumps in breasts or elsewhere, ingestion or difficulty swallowing and more.
61
How do you treat cancer?
Chemo therapy, surgery and radiation therapy.
62
How do you prevent cancer?
Don’t smoke and eat a balanced diet.
63
What caused Covid 19
It originated from bats in China
64
What are the symptoms of Covid 19?
Runny or stuffy nose, headaches and sore throat.
65
How do you treat Covid?
Gets lots of rest, drink water and eat honey.
66
How do you prevent getting Covid?
Stay 2 metres apart, stay clean and be active.
67
The skeletal muscle type is the only one we what?
Consciously control
68
What is the Skeletal muscle’s job?
To contract to move parts of the body
69
Where is the cardiac muscle found?
Only one found in the heart
70
Is the cardiac muscle a voluntary or involuntary muscle?
Involuntary
71
What is the cardiac muscle responsible for?
Responsible for pumping blood around the body.
72
Where is the smooth muscle found?
Found inside organs like the small intestine, stomach and blood vessels.
73
Is the smooth muscle a voluntary or involuntary muscle?
Involuntary muscle
74
Why does the smooth muscle contract?
To move substances through the organ.
75
Can muscles push?
No they can’t but they can only contract and relax.
76
Do muscles work separately or together
Together to cause movement.
77
What is the name for muscles that work together?
Antagonistic muscles
78
Fill in the blanks:
When one muscle …….. the other muscle ……….
Contracts and relaxes
79
To move in the other direction the first muscle does what and the second does what?
First muscle relaxes and the second contracts.
80
What is a muscle?
A body tissue
81
What is the round parts on a male reproduction system?
Testis
82
What are the part of the male reproduction system that looks like a line leading to the testis?
Sperm duct
83
What is the part that looks like a line in the middle called?
Urethra
84
What is the part that contains the testis called?
Scrotum or testicles
85
What is the part on the image that looks like it is under the urethra?
Penis
86
What is at the top of the image or diagram?
The gland
87
What is the function of the penis?
Allows urine and semen to pass out of the man’s body
88
What is the function of the testis?
Produces sperm and releases make sex hormone, testosterone.
89
What is the function of a urethra?
A tube that carries urine and semen. It has a ring of muscle to keep these fluids separate.
90
What is the function of the scrotum?
A bag of skin that contains the testes
91
What is the function of the gland?
Produces fluid that mixes with sperm cells to make semen.
92
What is the function of the sperm duct?
Carries sperm cells from the testes to the urethra,
93
What are the parts that look like tubes connected to the uterus in the female reproduction system?
Oviducts
94
What is the circle like shapes at the end of the oviduct called?
Ovaries
95
What is part in the middle of the oviducts?
Uterus
96
What is the red part on the edge of the uterus?
Uterus lining
97
What is the end part of the female reproduction system called?
Vagina
98
What is the part at the top of the vagina called?
Cervix
99
What is the function of the vagina?
A muscular tube that leads from the cervix to the outside of the body
100
What is the cervix’s function?
The ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus. This keeps the baby in place during pregnancy.s
101
What is the ovary’s function?
Contains hundreds of undeveloped egg cells. Every month an egg cell matures and is released.
102
What is the function of the uterus?
Where the baby develops during pregnancy.
103
What is the function of the Oviduct?
Carries the egg cells from the ovaries to the uterus.
104
What is the function of the uterus lining?
A blood-rich lining in which an embryo implants. This lining is lost every month during menstruation.
105
At the opening of the vagina there are folds of skin called what?
Labia
106
What does labia form?
To form the vulva.
107
What part of the female reproduction system also open into the vulva but is separate from the vagina?
The urethra
108
What is another word for sex cells?
Gametes
109
Where are the gametes made?
In the reproductive organs
110
What are the female gametes?
Egg cells
111
Where are the egg cells released from?
The ovaries
112
What do the egg cells contain?
The genetic information from the mother
113
What do scientists believe?
That the females are born with a limited amount of egg cells already int their ovaries.
114
When is an egg cells released
Approximately every 28 days as a part of the menstrual cycle.
115
What are the male gametes called?
Sperm cells
116
Where are the sperm cells produced?
In the testes
117
What do the sperm cells contain?
The genetic information from the father.
118
How much genetic information do gametes contain?
Half compared to a normal body cell
119
How much of the genetic information do the offspring get from each parent
50%
120
Which is bigger a sperm cell or egg cells?
And egg cell and sperm cells are actually 10,000 times smaller than the egg cells.
121
In the sperm cell, the round part in the head is called what?
The nucleus and it contains 50% of the DNA as a normal body cell.
122
What is the part covering the head of the sperm cell called?
Acrosome
123
What is the bottom part of the head of the sperm cell called?
Midpiece
124
What is the end part of the sperm cell called?
The tail and it is there so they sperm can swim towards the egg.
125
What is the edge part of the egg cells called?
The cell membrane that hardens after 1 sperm so no other sperm can get in
126
What is the circle in the egg cells called?
The nucleus and it contains half of the DNA.
127
What are the circle parts in the cell membrane called?
They are the largest human cell and they have more space to store nutrients.
128
What is the part inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus called?
Cytoplasm and it stores nutrients to feed the foetus.
129
What is fertilisation?
Fertilisation is the process that takes place when a sperm cell meet and fuses with an egg cells.
130
Where do the sperm cells travel?
Sperm cells travel from the testes along the sperm duct and are mixes with fluid in the glands to produce a substance called semen.
131
What happens in sexual intercourse?
During sexual intercourse, semen is ejaculated from the penis into the vagina.
132
How many sperm cells are released?
Millions of sperm cells are released in a single ejaculation. Most are destroyed on the journey.
133
What happens to the sperm cells that survive?
They must swim through the vagina to reach the cervix.
134
What happens to the sperm once they reach the cervix?
The cervix is normally blocked by a thick mucus that protects the uterus from infection. Around the time of Ovulation, the cervical mucus thins to allow the sperm to enter the cervix.
135
What happens to the sperm after the cervix?
The sperm cells reach the uterus and they require lots of energy to swim towards the oviduct. Usually only one egg is released form one of the ovaries in each menstrual cycle, however sperm will travel down both oviducts.
136
What is the oviduct lined with?
The oviduct is lined with cilia which is tiny hair that move the egg cell towards the uterus. Some sperm cells can get trapped in it though and are destroyed.
137
What happens when the sperm cells reach the oviduct?
Eventually, some sperm may reach an egg in the oviduct. Then they have to get inside the egg.
138
How do the sperm break into the egg?
The sperm cells have to break through the egg cell membrane to fertilise it. The head of the sperm is covered with a acrosome that contains enzymes to digest the egg cell membrane.
139
How many sperm cells can enter the egg?
Of the millions of sperm cells produced , only one can enter the egg cell.
140
What happens to the sperm cell if it enters the egg?
The cell membrane of the successful sperm cell fuses with the egg cell membrane, leaving the tail behind.
141
What happens to the egg cell once the sperm is inside?
A chemical reaction causes the egg cell membrane to harden so no more sperm can enter the egg. The nucleus of the sperm that enters the egg will fuse with the nucleus of the egg cell. This is called fertilisation.
142
What happens to the fertilised egg cell?
A fertilised egg cell is called a zygote. The zygote then travels to the uterus , dividing along the way.
143
What is puberty?
Puberty is a period of time in a person’s life when they become sexually mature. This means when they finish puberty they are capable of reproduction. This happens at different times for different people.
144
What changes happen in puberty for males?
Their testes start to produce sperm cells, voice deepens, increased muscle growth, testes and penis get bigger, facial hair grows and shoulders broaden.
145
What changes happen in puberty for females?
Their breasts grow, hips widen, menstrual cycle starts, vaginal discharge is produced.
146
What changes happen in puberty for both males and females?
Get a growth spurt, their mood changes, get pubic hair, get body odour, hormones and get acne.
147
What happens in week 4-6 in pregnancy?
Outer layer will develop into a placenta and the baby’s heart starts at day 21. The other organs begin to grow. They are 6mm long and is surrounded by a amniotic sac that makes them safe.
148
What happens in week 8-9 in pregnancy?
Now is a foetus and 22mm long. Arms, toes, eyelids grow and form. Brain, hear and lungs develop. Mouth, tongue and taste buds develop.
149
What happens in week 12 of pregnancy?
Foetus fully formed and muscles, organs, bones in place. 60mm long. Placenta is fully formed and linked to baby by umbilical cord. Nutrients and oxygen are transferred by mother’s blood to baby by umbilical cord.
150
What happens in week 20-24 of pregnancy?
Has hand and footprints. Can practice breathing. 250mm long. Baby can kick and hear sounds. Can swallow amniotic fluid and can produce urine.
151
What happens in week 28 I pregnancy?
Eyes open and close and sleeps 90% of time. 380mm. Internal organs formed. Won’t be able to breathe on own until week 36 but there is a high chance the baby would survive if born now.
152
What happens in week 37-40 in pregnancy?
Fully developed and ready to be born. 520mm. Head should be pointing downwards. Most people go into labor then. In labor cervix dialates and muscles contract to push baby out of vagina.
153
What happens if a mother drinks alcohol in pregnancy?
The alcohol passes form their blood to foetus from placenta and a foetus can’t process alcohol in the same way an adult can. Can lead to damage to brain, spinal cord and other organs.
154
What happens if a mother smokes during pregnancy?
A cigarette contains 4000 chemicals. If a mother smokes these chemicals pass through their blood to foetus through placenta. This can cause miscarriage/stillbirth, premature, sudden infant death.
155
What happens if a mother takes drugs in pregnancy?
It is not good for the baby and can result in miscarriages, stillbirth, premature and more.
156
What happens if a mother has a unhealthy or dangerous diet during pregnancy?
Unpasteurised dairy products can have bacteria increasing the risk of miscarriage. Cured meats contain parasites that can also cause miscarriage.
