Body Mechannics Flashcards
*What is Adduction?
To move towards the body
*What is Abduction?
To move away from the body
*What is Flexion?
To bend the limb or muscle
*What is Extension?
To straighten the limb
*What is Medial Rotation?
Turning a body part to the middle of the body
*What is Lateral Rotation?
Turning a body part towards the sides of the body
*What is the difference between lifting and transporting?
Lifting is when you have to lift over 50% of the patients weight. Transporting is when the patient can move 50% of their weight and we guide them.
What is body alignment?
When the body is in perfect position, straight spine
What is line of gravity?
Straight up and down, in the middle of your body
What is centre of gravity?
Side to side from belly button.
*What is base of support?
Feet. To assist place shoulder width apart, and one slightly ahead of the other with toes facing the front.
*What are the strongest muscles?
- Hips
- Shoulders
- Upper arms
- Thighs
What are the types of lifts?
- Unserpervised
- Supervised
- One person assist
- Two person assist
- Mechanical
What is unsupervised transfer?
When the patient can get up and walk around by themselves.
What is supervised transfer?
When the patient can move by themselves with someone watching.
What is a one person assist transfer?
One person helping the patient move.
What is two person assist transfer?
Two people assisting patient.
What is a mechanical lift?
When patient is moved by a machine?
*What helps lifting?
Use legs not back, lift bed to good level, legs should take all the weight, keep weight as close as your body as you can, when turning rotate whole body not just back.
*What is proper way to move patient while they’re in bed?
Use draw sheet. Don’t make friction. Don’t cause a skin shear. Keep breaks on. Make the bed proper height. Keep sheets flat, toes in proper position, make sure Pt is hugging themselves.
What are other aids for transporting Pt’s?
Slider: wooden board.
Trapeze: bar above bed so Pt can support themselves up and help.
*What is logrolling?
*Rotating a person while keeping them in perfect alignment. Minimum 3 people usually 4-5 people. One supporting neck, feet, shoulders, and waist
Why do we use technique logrolling ?
- Prevent injuries
- Keep spine straight
What is cyanosis ?
Blue discoloration, from lack of O2 and loss of blood flow
*Position patients?
- Bed sores
- Decrease pain
- Breathing
- 3 Limbs
- Prevents a Contracture ( Shortening or tightening of muscle)
- Q2H rotations
- Make sure call button is close
- Wrinkle free sheets
*What are the different positions?
1) Fowlers
2) Semi Fowlers
3) High Fowlers
4) Low Fowlers
5) Laterals
6) Sims
7) Prone
8) Supine
*What is fowler ?
A semi sitting up position.
*What is Semi fowler?
Sitting up position and the head of the bed elevated 30-45 degrees.
*What is a high fowler?
Sitting up right position and elevating head 45-90 degrees.
*What is low fowler ?
Sitting upright position and elevating head 15-30 degrees.
*What is lateral?
A side laying position with a pillow separating legs.
*What is sims?
Right leg is sharply angled so it’s not touching left leg, and right arm us angled with back.
*What is prone?
Laying on abdomen with head tilted to one side.
*What is supine?
A back lying position with legs horizontal or straight.
*What are the rules for lifting heavy objects?
- Keep wt close to body
- Have wide base support (30 cm)
- Push rather then pull
- Get help with heavy Ct
- Avoid unnecessary bending/reaching
- Face area that you are working
What does Ambulation mean?
Walking
What is Atrophy?
Muscle wasting
What are some Ambulation Aids?
- Proper foot wear
- Use proper equiptment
- Follow care plan
- Make sure care plan is being used
What are some things to document when ambulating?
- Complaints
- How far they went
- Pain
- If client is about to fall, get sturdy and let them slide down you or else, you will get hurt trying to hold them up, or you will fall too
What are some Walking Aids?
Crutches: Axillary, Arm brace
Canes
Walkers
Braces
What are position devices?
Foot board Cradle Trocanter roll Hand rolls/grips Splints
What is ROM?
Range of Motion
- When you can move body party until there is resistance
What is Active ROM?
When the Ct can do ROM independantly
What is Passive ROM?
When someone has to do ROM on the ct
What is Active Assistive ROM?
When the ct is helping with the ROM, with someone else doing it
What is Musculo - Skeletal System?
Frame work of your body
Allows body to move
Consists of bones, muscles, ligaments and cartilage.
How many bones are in the body?
206
*What are the 4 types of bones?
- Long bones: Take the wt of the body (Femur)
- Short bones: Allow ease of movement (Fingers)
- Flat bones: Protect organs (Skull)
- Irregular bones: Vertebrae allow movement and flexibilty
*What are in bones, and what is manufactured in this?
Bone Marrow, Blood cells are manufactured in them
*What is a joint?
Point where 2 bones meet and allow movement
*What are the 3 types of joints?
1) Ball and socket joint: 1 rounded bone put together with a hallow bone (Hips)
2) Hinge joint: Movement in 1 direction (Knees)
3) Pivot joint: Allows side to side movement (Skull on spine)
What is Cartilage?
Connective tissue Cushion in joints so bones don’t rub together
What are synovial membranes and secretions for?
Lubricate joints to allow movement
What are Ligaments?
Long bands of connective tissue that hold joints together
What are the 3 types of Muscles?
Voluntary: We control these muscles (Shredded looking)
Involuntary: Automatically do work (Smooth looking)
Cardiac: Only found in the heart (Look shredded act as smooth)
What is the Muscles Functions?
- Body heat
- Move body
- Posture
What is the Nervous system?
Controls, directs and coordinates the body the body functions
There is 2 divisions
Central Nervous system CNS
Peripheral Nervous system PNS
What does Neuroglia ad Neurons do ?
Neuroglia nourish, protect, and insulate Neurons
Neurons transmit information
What are 3 parts of a Neuron?
1) Dendrites: Branches receive info from other neruons
2) Nucleus: Cell body that keeps cells alive
3) Axon: Longer extensions that carry information away from the cell
What is the space between you Neurons?
Synapse
What is downfall about Nerves?
Easy to damage and take a long time to heal
What are main components of CNS?
- Brain and Spine
Cererum, Cerebellum, Brainstem, Spinal cord, Meninges
What is Cerebrum?
Centre for thoughts and intelligence
2 halves right controls movement on the left side. Left side controls movement on the right side. Outside the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex this controls the highest functions of the brain. (Reasoning, memory, consciousness, speech, hearing, vision)
What is a Cerebellum?
Cerebellum: Regulates and controls body movements smooth and voluntary muscles ad balance if injured it results in jerky movements. (Parkinson’s)
What is a Brainstem?
It is responsible for basic vital life functions. It connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord. (Breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting)
What is Spinal cord?
It is about 45cm in length and contains pathways that conduct messages to and from the brain.
What is Meninges?
It is connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal colum. (Inflammation of this causes meningitis)
What are main parts of PNS?
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Cranial nerves conduct impulses between brain, head, neck and chest.
Spinal nerves carry impulses from skin.
Autonomic Nervous - formed by peripheral nevers
What are Autonomic Nerves?
formed by peripheral nevers
Controls involuntary muscles HR, BP, intestinal contractions
The autonomic system is divided into 2 sections.
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
What is Sympathetic? (Fight or Flight)
Increasing HR, Increasing breathing, stimulates sweating, pupils dilate, goosebumps (Piloerections), increasing muscle strength
Reflexes are sped up
Inhibits digestion
What is Parasympathetic? (Rescue/Recover)
Decreasing HR
Pupils contract
Opposite of Sympathetic
What are the main parts of Sensory System?
1) Sight
2) Hearing
3) Taste
4) Touch
5) Smell
SIGHT
Eyelids, eyelashes, bones of the skull help protect your eye
3 Layers to your eye
Sclera - While of the eyes tough connective tissue includes the cornea.
Choroid - Blood vessels, ciliary muscle and iris (colour) contains the pupil.
Retina - inner layer of vision receptors and nerve fibers
Aqueous Chamber - separates the cornea from the lens its filled with fluid called aqueous humour.
Vitreous Humour is behind the lens and is a gel like substance that gives the eye theie shape.
EAR
Assists with balance
3 Parts to the ear
External ear is called the pinna sound waves are guided into the ear through the auditory canal (1inch) Cerumen (wax) catches particles that enter the ear. Ear drum (tympanic membrane) separate the outer and middle ear.
Middle ear is a small space that contains eustachian tubes (connect to throat) and 3 small bones called ossicles (amplify sound and transmit it to the inner ear. Air enters through the tubes and regulates pressure on the ear drum.
Inner ear are canals that are semi-circular called cochlea contain fluid that carries sound waves
TASTE
Taste buds on the tongue are receptors for taste Sweet (tip) Sour (back side) Bitter (back top) Salty (Front side)
TOUCH
Receptors are found in our skin
We feel, pain, heat, cold, pressure
SMELL
Receptors are located on the roof of the nasal cavity. The receptors are stimulated by the fluid in the mucous membrane of the nose
*Why do we shiver?
Muscles shiver when they are cold to make body heat
*What is a transfer belt?
A strap you can put around a patient to help you transfer them
What is Contraction and Relaxation?
Flexion and Extension
What are safety factors for mobilizing a patient?
Proper shoes, proper posture, using big muscles, proper equiptment
*What is the safety of transportations and lifting?
Using big muscles, proper positioning, toes pointed, making sure that walking aids are close
