Body Inclusivity 3rd year and Theory behaviour Flashcards
What is one of the primary goals of fostering an inclusive practice in naturopathic care?
A) Emphasizing weight loss for all patients
B) Promoting self-care only for individuals in larger bodies
C) Creating a respectful and sensitive approach to care that accommodates all body types
D) Discouraging patients from discussing their health preferences
A) Emphasizing weight loss for all patients
Incorrect: Inclusive care prioritizes sensitivity and respect over enforcing weight loss.
B) Promoting self-care only for individuals in larger bodies
Incorrect: Inclusive care applies to patients of all sizes, not specific groups.
C) Creating a respectful and sensitive approach to care that accommodates all body types
Correct: Inclusive practice means adapting care environments and approaches to make all body types feel welcome.
D) Discouraging patients from discussing their health preferences
Incorrect: Patient-centered care involves acknowledging and respecting each patient’s health preferences.
In this context, how is the term “fat” used throughout the lecture?
A) As a derogatory term
B) As a neutral descriptor
C) Only in the context of studies
D) Interchangeably with “obesity”
A) As a derogatory term
Incorrect: The lecture specifies using “fat” as a neutral, non-judgmental descriptor.
B) As a neutral descriptor
Correct: Using “fat” as a neutral term aims to reduce stigma and shame associated with larger bodies.
C) Only in the context of studies
Incorrect: “Fat” is used throughout the lecture, not limited to studies.
D) Interchangeably with “obesity”
Incorrect: Obesity is a medical term used only in research contexts in this lecture.
Which term describes treating people in larger bodies differently based on their size?
A) Weight stigma
B) Weight bias
C) Body positivity
D) Size inclusivity
A) Weight stigma
Incorrect: Weight stigma involves negative beliefs, not actions.
B) Weight bias
Correct: Weight bias refers to actions and differential treatment based on body size.
C) Body positivity
Incorrect: Body positivity promotes acceptance, not differential treatment.
D) Size inclusivity
Incorrect: Size inclusivity involves adapting environments and practices to be respectful of all body sizes.
Which of the following practices is recommended for a size-inclusive office environment?
A) Providing chairs with narrow armrests
B) Using gowns that only go up to size 2X
C) Ensuring adjustable tables and chairs that accommodate various body sizes
D) Requiring all patients to sit in standard-sized seating
A) Providing chairs with narrow armrests
Incorrect: Narrow armrests limit comfort for larger-bodied individuals.
B) Using gowns that only go up to size 2X
Incorrect: Size-inclusive offices provide gown options for various body sizes.
C) Ensuring adjustable tables and chairs that accommodate various body sizes
Correct: Size-inclusive offices ensure furniture and tools are accessible to all body types.
D) Requiring all patients to sit in standard-sized seating
Incorrect: Standard-sized seating can be uncomfortable or unusable for some patients.
Health at Every Size™ (HAES) advocates for which of the following principles?
A) Encouraging weight loss through dietary restrictions
B) Focusing on behavior and health at all sizes, rather than weight loss
C) Minimizing the importance of social determinants of health
D) Treating weight as the sole factor in patient health
A) Encouraging weight loss through dietary restrictions
Incorrect: HAES focuses on health behaviors rather than weight reduction.
B) Focusing on behavior and health at all sizes, rather than weight loss
Correct: HAES promotes health through behavior change rather than weight as a goal.
C) Minimizing the importance of social determinants of health
Incorrect: HAES considers social factors as influential to health.
D) Treating weight as the sole factor in patient health
Incorrect: HAES discourages weight as the main health focus.
In patient-centered care for individuals in larger bodies, what is a key communication approach?
A) Using language that prioritizes weight loss above all else
B) Highlighting body size as the primary health focus
C) Respecting patient preferences and avoiding assumptions about health behaviors
D) Discussing diet and exercise habits exclusively
A) Using language that prioritizes weight loss above all else
Incorrect: A patient-centered approach respects individual goals, not just weight.
B) Highlighting body size as the primary health focus
Incorrect: The emphasis is on overall health, not size alone.
C) Respecting patient preferences and avoiding assumptions about health behaviors
Correct: Respect and flexibility are vital to providing sensitive, individualized care.
D) Discussing diet and exercise habits exclusively
Incorrect: Patient-centered care involves a range of health concerns beyond diet and exercise.
Which principle is central to weight-neutral care?
A) Weight is a behavior
B) Body weight is mostly under personal control
C) Health is determined solely by appearance
D) Emphasis on behaviors rather than focusing on body weight
A) Weight is a behavior
Incorrect: Weight is an outcome, influenced by various factors, not solely behavior.
B) Body weight is mostly under personal control
Incorrect: Weight-neutral care acknowledges that body weight is complex and multifaceted.
C) Health is determined solely by appearance
Incorrect: Weight-neutral care focuses on behaviors, not appearance.
D) Emphasis on behaviors rather than focusing on body weight
Correct: Weight-neutral care encourages focusing on health-related behaviors, not weight.
Which of the following statements describes the concept of body neutrality?
A) Celebrating all body types as beautiful
B) Focusing on respecting the body one has without a focus on appearance
C) Aiming for an ideal body shape through strict exercise
D) Using strict dietary interventions to meet body positivity goals
A) Celebrating all body types as beautiful
Incorrect: This is closer to body positivity. Body neutrality is less about aesthetics.
B) Focusing on respecting the body one has without a focus on appearance
Correct: Body neutrality emphasizes accepting and respecting one’s body without centering on looks.
C) Aiming for an ideal body shape through strict exercise
Incorrect: Body neutrality is not appearance-driven.
D) Using strict dietary interventions to meet body positivity goals
Incorrect: Body neutrality is about acceptance, not intervention.
What does the Health at Every Size™ (HAES) approach acknowledge regarding body weight?
A) That body weight is a direct measure of health
B) That personal responsibility is the only factor in weight management
C) That health exists across a continuum, not solely tied to body weight
D) That weight is primarily controlled by diet alone
A) That body weight is a direct measure of health
Incorrect: HAES focuses on health, not weight as the main indicator.
B) That personal responsibility is the only factor in weight management
Incorrect: HAES views weight as influenced by factors beyond individual control.
C) That health exists across a continuum, not solely tied to body weight
Correct: HAES recognizes health is complex and cannot be judged by weight alone.
D) That weight is primarily controlled by diet alone
Incorrect: HAES promotes a holistic view of health.
Which of the following is an example of weight-neutral care?
A) Focusing on weight loss as a primary health goal
B) Encouraging self-acceptance and emphasizing behavioral health outcomes
C) Using body mass index (BMI) as the only health indicator
D) Suggesting diet plans based solely on achieving a certain weight
A) Focusing on weight loss as a primary health goal
Incorrect: Weight-neutral care centers on behaviors and health, not weight loss.
B) Encouraging self-acceptance and emphasizing behavioral health outcomes
Correct: This aligns with weight-neutral care by focusing on behaviors rather than weight.
C) Using body mass index (BMI) as the only health indicator
Incorrect: Weight-neutral care de-emphasizes BMI as the sole health measure.
D) Suggesting diet plans based solely on achieving a certain weight
Incorrect: Weight-neutral care does not prioritize weight-based goals.
What is the primary purpose of studying theory in health behavior?
A. To rely on beliefs to predict health outcomes
B. To provide a testable explanation for relationships between variables
C. To prioritize intuition over systematic assessment
D. To promote uniform behaviors across populations
B. To provide a testable explanation for relationships between variables
Correct. Theories aim to explain and predict relationships between variables in a structured and testable manner. This is their core purpose.
A. To rely on beliefs to predict health outcomes
Incorrect. Theory provides systematic explanations and evidence-based frameworks rather than relying on beliefs, which are subjective and less testable.
C. To prioritize intuition over systematic assessment
Incorrect. Theory emphasizes systematic assessment, not intuition. Intuition is not a reliable tool for creating evidence-based interventions.
D. To promote uniform behaviors across populations
Incorrect. Theories recognize individual differences and contextual factors rather than promoting uniformity across diverse populations.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using theory in public health interventions?
A. Saves time, money, and resources
B. Increases the chance of success
C. Provides a systematic framework
D. Eliminates all errors in interventions
D. Eliminates all errors in interventions
Correct. While theory reduces errors, it cannot completely eliminate them, as human behavior and environmental factors introduce unpredictability.
A. Saves time, money, and resources
Incorrect. This is a recognized benefit of using theory, as it helps streamline interventions and avoid wasted effort.
B. Increases the chance of success
Incorrect. Theory-based interventions are more likely to succeed because they are grounded in evidence and systematically developed.
C. Provides a systematic framework
Incorrect. A systematic framework is another benefit of theory, allowing practitioners to structure their approaches effectively.
What is the key focus of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) in health behavior?
A. Attitude and subjective norms
B. Reciprocal determinism
C. Stages of change
D. Perceived susceptibility and severity
C. Stages of change
Correct. The TTM centers on stages of change, emphasizing that individuals progress through different levels of readiness for behavior change.
A. Attitude and subjective norms
Incorrect. These are components of the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior, not the TTM.
B. Reciprocal determinism
Incorrect. This concept belongs to Social Cognitive Theory, not the TTM.
D. Perceived susceptibility and severity
Incorrect. These are components of the Health Belief Model, not the TTM.
Which of the following is a criticism of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
A. Ignores cognitive aspects of behavior like attitudes and intentions
B. Does not account for stages of change
C. Overemphasizes social factors like SES
D. Fails to include environmental influences
A. Ignores cognitive aspects of behavior like attitudes and intentions
Correct. The HBM focuses on perceptions (e.g., susceptibility and severity) but does not account for attitudes and intentions, which are addressed in the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior.
B. Does not account for stages of change
Incorrect. Stages of change are part of the Transtheoretical Model, not the HBM.
C. Overemphasizes social factors like SES
Incorrect. The HBM does not overemphasize social factors; it focuses more on individual beliefs.
D. Fails to include environmental influences
Incorrect. While this is a limitation, it is not a primary criticism of the HBM.
According to the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which factor is the strongest predictor of human behavior?
A. Social norms
B. Motivation
C. Intention
D. Environmental influences
C. Intention
Correct. Both TRA and TPB emphasize intention as the strongest predictor of behavior. It integrates attitudes, norms, and perceived control into one actionable outcome.
A. Social norms
Incorrect. Social norms influence intention but are not the strongest predictor of behavior.
B. Motivation
Incorrect. Motivation is a component of intention but does not directly predict behavior.
D. Environmental influences
Incorrect. Environmental influences are central to Social Cognitive Theory, not TRA/TPB.
Which theory includes the concept of reciprocal determinism?
A. Health Belief Model
B. Theory of Planned Behavior
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Transtheoretical Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
Correct. Reciprocal determinism is a core concept of Social Cognitive Theory, where personal, behavioral, and environmental factors interact dynamically.
A. Health Belief Model
Incorrect. The HBM focuses on individual perceptions like susceptibility and barriers, not reciprocal interactions.
B. Theory of Planned Behavior
Incorrect. TPB focuses on intention and perceived control, not reciprocal determinism.
D. Transtheoretical Model
Incorrect. The TTM emphasizes stages of change rather than reciprocal interactions.
What is a significant limitation of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?
A. Overemphasis on linear progression
B. Failure to incorporate self-efficacy
C. Assumption of consistent behavioral patterns across individuals
D. Exclusion of readiness as a factor
A. Overemphasis on linear progression
Correct. Although the TTM recognizes relapse, it has been criticized for assuming a somewhat linear progression through stages.
B. Failure to incorporate self-efficacy
Incorrect. The TTM does incorporate self-efficacy, especially in later stages like preparation and action.
C. Assumption of consistent behavioral patterns across individuals
Incorrect. While it has limitations, the TTM does not assume uniformity in behavioral patterns.
D. Exclusion of readiness as a factor
Incorrect. Readiness is central to the TTM and differentiates it from other models.
Which of the following would be most effective for a public health intervention according to the Health Belief Model?
A. Highlighting the benefits of quitting smoking through social media
B. Providing stage-specific support for people ready to quit smoking
C. Observing smoking cessation in peers to promote behavior change
D. Reinforcing positive attitudes and subjective norms about quitting
A. Highlighting the benefits of quitting smoking through social media
Correct. The HBM focuses on perceived benefits, and highlighting these through social media can effectively encourage behavioral change.
B. Providing stage-specific support for people ready to quit smoking
Incorrect. This aligns with the Transtheoretical Model rather than the HBM.
C. Observing smoking cessation in peers to promote behavior change
Incorrect. This is based on Social Cognitive Theory, which emphasizes observational learning.
D. Reinforcing positive attitudes and subjective norms about quitting
Incorrect. These are components of the Theory of Planned Behavior, not the HBM.
What is a key application of Social Cognitive Theory in health education?
A. Predicting behavior based on perceived severity of illness
B. Creating interventions that emphasize observational learning and self-efficacy
C. Developing linear models for behavior change
D. Promoting uniform attitudes toward behavior
B. Creating interventions that emphasize observational learning and self-efficacy
Correct. Social Cognitive Theory highlights the importance of observational learning and self-efficacy in promoting behavioral change.
A. Predicting behavior based on perceived severity of illness
Incorrect. This is a focus of the Health Belief Model, not Social Cognitive Theory.
C. Developing linear models for behavior change
Incorrect. Social Cognitive Theory does not propose linear models but focuses on reciprocal interactions.
D. Promoting uniform attitudes toward behavior
Incorrect. Social Cognitive Theory recognizes variability in behavior and context, so promoting uniformity contradicts its principles.
Which of the following factors is NOT part of individual health behavior as defined by Gochman (1982)?
A. Personality traits
B. Beliefs and perceptions
C. Overt behavioral patterns
D. Random environmental factors
D. Random environmental factors
Correct: Random environmental factors are not mentioned in Gochman’s definition. While the environment can influence health behaviors, the definition focuses on personal attributes, cognitive elements, and observable patterns rather than random or external environmental elements.
A. Personality traits
Wrong: Personality traits, such as affective and emotional states, are explicitly included in the definition of individual health behavior.
B. Beliefs and perceptions
Wrong: Beliefs, values, and perceptions are integral to individual health behavior as they influence decision-making related to health maintenance and improvement.
C. Overt behavioral patterns
Wrong: Observable actions, such as exercise or smoking, are a critical part of individual health behavior and are explicitly mentioned in the definition.
Which model might be most effective for public health interventions, such as smoking cessation campaigns?
A. Health Belief Model
B. Transtheoretical Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Theory of Planned Behavior
A. Health Belief Model (HBM)
Correct: The HBM is widely applied in public health initiatives, especially for prevention and screening programs. Its components—perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers—help to predict and explain why individuals take preventive health actions.
B. Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
Wrong: While the TTM is useful for understanding individual readiness for change, it is less commonly used in large-scale public health campaigns. Public health programs often target awareness and perceived barriers, which align with the HBM.
C. Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
Wrong: SCT is better suited for interventions that involve learning through observation and building self-efficacy. Although valuable, it is less focused on preventive initiatives compared to the HBM.
D. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Wrong: The TPB focuses on intentions, attitudes, and perceived control but does not address broader population-level preventive strategies as effectively as the HBM.
Which model might be most effective for public health interventions, such as smoking cessation campaigns?
A. Health Belief Model
B. Transtheoretical Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Theory of Planned Behavior
A. Health Belief Model
Wrong: While the HBM is useful for understanding perceptions of susceptibility and severity, it does not focus on readiness to act.
B. Transtheoretical Model
Correct: The Transtheoretical Model focuses on stages of change, making it ideal for tailoring individual interventions based on readiness.
C. Social Cognitive Theory
Wrong: This model emphasizes observational learning and environmental interactions but does not directly address readiness to change.
D. Theory of Planned Behavior
Wrong: While TPB considers attitudes and control, it assumes intention is already formed and does not address the readiness to act.
How can social media best contribute to public health campaigns?
A. By creating cues to action
B. By ensuring behavioral homogeneity
C. By eliminating the need for traditional interventions
D. By controlling all aspects of health behavior
A. By creating cues to action
Correct: Social media can provide cues to action by raising awareness, spreading motivational messages, and encouraging behavior change through reminders and personal stories.
B. By ensuring behavioral homogeneity
Wrong: Social media cannot ensure uniform behavior, as individuals respond differently based on their beliefs, culture, and social influences.
C. By eliminating the need for traditional interventions
Wrong: Social media complements, rather than replaces, traditional public health interventions.
D. By controlling all aspects of health behavior
Wrong: Social media does not have the capacity to control health behaviors but can influence them through targeted messaging.
