Body Fluids & Membrane Transport

Question 1

Baroreceptors in carotid area send impulses along which nerve?

Answer 1

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 2

What type of receptors are at the effector cell following a parasympathetic nerve?

Answer 2

mAChR

Question 3

What type of receptors are at the effector cell following a sympathetic nerve?

Answer 3

adrenergic

Question 4

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 4

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

Question 5

What are CAMs?

Answer 5

cell adhesion molecules

Question 6

Describe tight junctions

Answer 6

Lipid portions of plasma membrane held together by proteins at the adhesion belt

Question 7

Describe gap junctions

Answer 7

Transmembrane proteins called connexons form a channel between cells to allow small molecules to pass. Found in cilia and cardiac muscle

Question 8

Describe desmosomes

Answer 8

CAMs and proteoglycans link the plasma membranes. They are very strong as they connect to the cytoskeleton

Question 9

What type of epithelium is found in blood vessels, kidney nephrons, cornea, alveoli?

Answer 9

Simple squamous

Question 10

What type of epithelium is found in skin, mouth, throat, oesophagus, rectum, anus and vagina?

Answer 10

stratified squamous

Question 11

Stratified transitional can be found..?

Answer 11

bladder

Question 12

What type of epithelium is found in the pharynx, epiglottis, anus and urethra?

Answer 12

Stratified columnar

Question 13

What type of cell is always present in connective tissue

Answer 13

fibroblast

Question 14

What types of cells are found in connective tissue

Answer 14

fibroblast, fibrocyte, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cell, lymphocytes

Question 15

which cells are granulated containing histamine and heparin

Answer 15

mast cells

Question 16

______ may develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies

Answer 16

lymphocytes

Question 17

What are the three types of connective tissue fibres?

Answer 17

collagen, reticular and elastic

Question 18

describe collagen fibres

Answer 18

long, straight, unbranched

Question 19

describe reticular fibres

Answer 19

same protein subunits as collagen, but arranged diff. branching, flexible, interwoven in stroma

Question 20

describe elastic fibres

Answer 20

contain elastin protein, branched, wavy. Rare e.g. connecting vertebrae

Question 21

Describe loose aereolar tissue

Answer 21

shock absorber, few fibres

Question 22

describe dense regular tissue

Answer 22

found in tendons and ligaments, v strong

Question 23

describe dense irregular tissue

Answer 23

strengthen areas subject to stress e.g. around organs

Question 24

_______ muscle is not striated

Answer 24

smooth

Question 25

is skeletal muscle nucleated?

Answer 25

yes, multinucleated

Question 26

What diameter are elastic arteries?

Answer 26

up to 2.5 cm

Question 27

what diameter are muscular arteries?

Answer 27

0.5 - 40 mm

Question 28

what diameter are arterioles?

Answer 28

less than 30 micro m

Question 29

What is the function of muscular arteries?

Answer 29

distribute blood to muscles and organs

Question 30

muscular arteries have a thick tunica ______

Answer 30

externa

Question 31

arterioles have a poorly defined tunica ______

Answer 31

externa

Question 32

What are the three types of capillaries

Answer 32

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

Question 33

where are continuous capillaries found

Answer 33

everywhere except epithelia and cartilage

Question 34

where are fenestrated capillaries found

Answer 34

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, choroid plexus (brain)

Question 35

where are sinusoidal capillaries found

Answer 35

liver, marrow, spleen

Question 36

Veins have a predominant tunica _____

Answer 36

externa

Question 37

the ductus venosus does what?

Answer 37

connect the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

Question 38

the foramen ovale connects what?

Answer 38

the right and left atria

Question 39

the ductus arteriosus connects what?

Answer 39

pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

Question 40

what does the ductus venosus become

Answer 40

ligamentum venosum

Question 41

what does the foramen ovale become

Answer 41

fossa ovalis

Question 42

ductus arteriosus

Answer 42

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 43

What is required for erythropoiesis?

Answer 43

erythropoietin, iron, vitamin B12 and B9, intrinsic factor, amino acids

Question 44

What happens to RBCs when they're damaged?

Answer 44

engulfed by macrophage, Hb is broken down. Globin is converted into amino acids, haeme is converted into bilirubin and iron. some iron is used for erythropoiesis.

Question 45

What causes iron deficiency anaemia

Answer 45

pregnancy, malnutrition, malabsorption, bleeding from GI tract, menorrhagia

Question 46

what are the two types of megaloblastic anaemia?

Answer 46

vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency

Question 47

What is Thalassaemias?

Answer 47

a type of anaemia

Question 48

Which WBC is most common?

Answer 48

neutrophil

Question 49

How long do neutrophils circulate for?

Answer 49

10 hours

Question 50

how many lobes does the neutrophil nucleus have

Answer 50

2-5

Question 51

are neutrophils granular?

Answer 51

yes

Question 52

how many lobes to eosinophils have?

Answer 52

2

Question 53

what do eosinophils do?

Answer 53

release toxic compounds to combat parasitic and bacterial infections

Question 54

are basophils granulated?

Answer 54

yes, contain histamine and heparin

Question 55

which WBC is involved in the inflammatory response?

Answer 55

basophil

Question 56

Haemolytic disease of the newborn happens when...

Answer 56

Rh - mother and Rh + baby

Question 57

what happens at platelet adhesion and aggregation?

Answer 57

release of granule contents, platelet membrane changes, temporary platelet plug

Question 58

what factor stabilises fibrin?

Answer 58

Factor XIII

Question 59

vascular and platelet phase begins....

Answer 59

within a few seconds of injury

Question 60

coagulation phase begins...

Answer 60

30 secs or more after vessel damage

Question 61

Describe the extrinsic pathway

Answer 61

Release of Factor III (tissue factor) by damaged endothelial cells. The greater the damage the more TF is released. TF combines with calcium ion and Factor CII to form enzyme complex capable of activating Factor X.

Question 62

Describe the intrinsic pathway

Answer 62

Activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen fibres at injury site. Pathway proceeds with assistance of Platelet Factor 3, released by aggregating platelets. Activated Factors VIII and IX combine to form an enzyme complex capable of activating Factor X.

Question 63

Which pathway is quicker?

Answer 63

extrinsic

Question 64

Describe the common pathway

Answer 64

enzymes activate factor X, forming prothrombinase. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

Question 65

What will a disorder that decreases calcium ion conc likely result in?

Answer 65

clotting problems

Question 66

which enzyme is key in fibrinolysis

Answer 66

plasmin

Question 67

which is involved in control of clotting

Answer 67

antithrombin, heparin

Question 68

What is Darcy's Law

Answer 68

flow = pressure/resistance

Question 69

what does the poiseuille-hagen equation tell us

Answer 69

rate of flow is proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius

Question 70

Mean arterial pressure = ?

Answer 70

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

Question 71

What does the P wave show

Answer 71

atrial depolarisation and contraction

Question 72

What does the QRS complex show

Answer 72

ventricle depolarisation and contraction (atrial repolarisation is hidden)

Question 73

What does the T wave show

Answer 73

Ventricle repolarisation and relaxation

Question 74

Cardiac output =

Answer 74

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 75

define cardiac output

Answer 75

volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute

Question 76

define stroke volume

Answer 76

volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per beat

Question 77

Stroke volume =

Answer 77

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

Question 78

systemic BP =

Answer 78

CO x total peripheral resistance (TPR = diff in arteriolar radius)

Question 79

Where does the trachea extend to/from

Answer 79

larynx to the carina

Question 80

What cells line the trachea?

Answer 80

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells

Question 81

What are the 3 lung surfaces?

Answer 81

diaphragmatic, costal, medistinal

Question 82

How many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 82

3; superior, middle, inferior

Question 83

how many fissures does the right lung have

Answer 83

2; oblique and horizontal

Question 84

how many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 84

2; superior, inferior

Question 85

how many fissures does the left lung have

Answer 85

1; oblique

Question 86

which surface is the Hilum of the lung located on

Answer 86

mediastinal

Question 87

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

Answer 87

manubrium, body, xiphisternum

Question 88

what is the diaphragm attached to

Answer 88

xiphisternum, costal margin, 11th and 12th ribs, lumbar vertebrae

Question 89

what does Boyle's law state

Answer 89

the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

Question 90

What is the hering-breuer reflex

Answer 90

prevents over inflation of the lungs

Question 91

vital capacity =

Answer 91

tidal volume + IR + expiratory reserve volume

Question 92

Inspiratory capacity =

Answer 92

TV + IRV

Question 93

Functional Residual Capacity =

Answer 93

RV + ERV

Question 94

Total Lung Capacity =

Answer 94

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 95

Pulmonary Ventilation Rate =

Answer 95

tidal volume x breathing frequency

Question 96

alveolar ventilation rate =

Answer 96

resp rate x (TV-anatomical dead space)

Question 97

what is laplace's law

Answer 97

at equilibrium, the tendency of increased pressure to expand the alveolus valances the tendency of surface tension to collapse it

Question 98

what does decreased pH and increased CO2 do to dissociation curve

Answer 98

shifts to right; Bohr shift

Question 99

what buffer is used in red blood cells

Answer 99

imidazole groups of histidine residues in Hb