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Body Systems > Body Fluids & Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Body Fluids & Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Baroreceptors in carotid area send impulses along which nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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2
Q

What type of receptors are at the effector cell following a parasympathetic nerve?

A

mAChR

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3
Q

What type of receptors are at the effector cell following a sympathetic nerve?

A

adrenergic

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4
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

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5
Q

What are CAMs?

A

cell adhesion molecules

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6
Q

Describe tight junctions

A

Lipid portions of plasma membrane held together by proteins at the adhesion belt

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7
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

Transmembrane proteins called connexons form a channel between cells to allow small molecules to pass. Found in cilia and cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Describe desmosomes

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link the plasma membranes. They are very strong as they connect to the cytoskeleton

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9
Q

What type of epithelium is found in blood vessels, kidney nephrons, cornea, alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

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10
Q

What type of epithelium is found in skin, mouth, throat, oesophagus, rectum, anus and vagina?

A

stratified squamous

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11
Q

Stratified transitional can be found..?

A

bladder

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12
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the pharynx, epiglottis, anus and urethra?

A

Stratified columnar

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13
Q

What type of cell is always present in connective tissue

A

fibroblast

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14
Q

What types of cells are found in connective tissue

A

fibroblast, fibrocyte, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cell, lymphocytes

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15
Q

which cells are granulated containing histamine and heparin

A

mast cells

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16
Q

______ may develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies

A

lymphocytes

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17
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibres?

A

collagen, reticular and elastic

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18
Q

describe collagen fibres

A

long, straight, unbranched

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19
Q

describe reticular fibres

A

same protein subunits as collagen, but arranged diff. branching, flexible, interwoven in stroma

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20
Q

describe elastic fibres

A

contain elastin protein, branched, wavy. Rare e.g. connecting vertebrae

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21
Q

Describe loose aereolar tissue

A

shock absorber, few fibres

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22
Q

describe dense regular tissue

A

found in tendons and ligaments, v strong

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23
Q

describe dense irregular tissue

A

strengthen areas subject to stress e.g. around organs

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24
Q

_______ muscle is not striated

A

smooth

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25
Q

is skeletal muscle nucleated?

A

yes, multinucleated

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26
Q

What diameter are elastic arteries?

A

up to 2.5 cm

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27
Q

what diameter are muscular arteries?

A

0.5 - 40 mm

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28
Q

what diameter are arterioles?

A

less than 30 micro m

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29
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries?

A

distribute blood to muscles and organs

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30
Q

muscular arteries have a thick tunica ______

A

externa

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31
Q

arterioles have a poorly defined tunica ______

A

externa

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32
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

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33
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

everywhere except epithelia and cartilage

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34
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, choroid plexus (brain)

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35
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries found

A

liver, marrow, spleen

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36
Q

Veins have a predominant tunica _____

A

externa

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37
Q

the ductus venosus does what?

A

connect the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

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38
Q

the foramen ovale connects what?

A

the right and left atria

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39
Q

the ductus arteriosus connects what?

A

pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

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40
Q

what does the ductus venosus become

A

ligamentum venosum

41
Q

what does the foramen ovale become

A

fossa ovalis

42
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

ligamentum arteriosum

43
Q

What is required for erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin, iron, vitamin B12 and B9, intrinsic factor, amino acids

44
Q

What happens to RBCs when they’re damaged?

A

engulfed by macrophage, Hb is broken down. Globin is converted into amino acids, haeme is converted into bilirubin and iron. some iron is used for erythropoiesis.

45
Q

What causes iron deficiency anaemia

A

pregnancy, malnutrition, malabsorption, bleeding from GI tract, menorrhagia

46
Q

what are the two types of megaloblastic anaemia?

A

vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency

47
Q

What is Thalassaemias?

A

a type of anaemia

48
Q

Which WBC is most common?

A

neutrophil

49
Q

How long do neutrophils circulate for?

A

10 hours

50
Q

how many lobes does the neutrophil nucleus have

A

2-5

51
Q

are neutrophils granular?

A

yes

52
Q

how many lobes to eosinophils have?

A

2

53
Q

what do eosinophils do?

A

release toxic compounds to combat parasitic and bacterial infections

54
Q

are basophils granulated?

A

yes, contain histamine and heparin

55
Q

which WBC is involved in the inflammatory response?

A

basophil

56
Q

Haemolytic disease of the newborn happens when…

A

Rh - mother and Rh + baby

57
Q

what happens at platelet adhesion and aggregation?

A

release of granule contents, platelet membrane changes, temporary platelet plug

58
Q

what factor stabilises fibrin?

A

Factor XIII

59
Q

vascular and platelet phase begins….

A

within a few seconds of injury

60
Q

coagulation phase begins…

A

30 secs or more after vessel damage

61
Q

Describe the extrinsic pathway

A

Release of Factor III (tissue factor) by damaged endothelial cells. The greater the damage the more TF is released. TF combines with calcium ion and Factor CII to form enzyme complex capable of activating Factor X.

62
Q

Describe the intrinsic pathway

A

Activation of proenzymes exposed to collagen fibres at injury site. Pathway proceeds with assistance of Platelet Factor 3, released by aggregating platelets. Activated Factors VIII and IX combine to form an enzyme complex capable of activating Factor X.

63
Q

Which pathway is quicker?

A

extrinsic

64
Q

Describe the common pathway

A

enzymes activate factor X, forming prothrombinase. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

65
Q

What will a disorder that decreases calcium ion conc likely result in?

A

clotting problems

66
Q

which enzyme is key in fibrinolysis

A

plasmin

67
Q

which is involved in control of clotting

A

antithrombin, heparin

68
Q

What is Darcy’s Law

A

flow = pressure/resistance

69
Q

what does the poiseuille-hagen equation tell us

A

rate of flow is proportional to the fourth power of vessel radius

70
Q

Mean arterial pressure = ?

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

71
Q

What does the P wave show

A

atrial depolarisation and contraction

72
Q

What does the QRS complex show

A

ventricle depolarisation and contraction (atrial repolarisation is hidden)

73
Q

What does the T wave show

A

Ventricle repolarisation and relaxation

74
Q

Cardiac output =

A

heart rate x stroke volume

75
Q

define cardiac output

A

volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute

76
Q

define stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per beat

77
Q

Stroke volume =

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

78
Q

systemic BP =

A

CO x total peripheral resistance (TPR = diff in arteriolar radius)

79
Q

Where does the trachea extend to/from

A

larynx to the carina

80
Q

What cells line the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells

81
Q

What are the 3 lung surfaces?

A

diaphragmatic, costal, medistinal

82
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have

A

3; superior, middle, inferior

83
Q

how many fissures does the right lung have

A

2; oblique and horizontal

84
Q

how many lobes does the left lung have

A

2; superior, inferior

85
Q

how many fissures does the left lung have

A

1; oblique

86
Q

which surface is the Hilum of the lung located on

A

mediastinal

87
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium, body, xiphisternum

88
Q

what is the diaphragm attached to

A

xiphisternum, costal margin, 11th and 12th ribs, lumbar vertebrae

89
Q

what does Boyle’s law state

A

the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

90
Q

What is the hering-breuer reflex

A

prevents over inflation of the lungs

91
Q

vital capacity =

A

tidal volume + IR + expiratory reserve volume

92
Q

Inspiratory capacity =

A

TV + IRV

93
Q

Functional Residual Capacity =

A

RV + ERV

94
Q

Total Lung Capacity =

A

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

95
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation Rate =

A

tidal volume x breathing frequency

96
Q

alveolar ventilation rate =

A

resp rate x (TV-anatomical dead space)

97
Q

what is laplace’s law

A

at equilibrium, the tendency of increased pressure to expand the alveolus valances the tendency of surface tension to collapse it

98
Q

what does decreased pH and increased CO2 do to dissociation curve

A

shifts to right; Bohr shift

99
Q

what buffer is used in red blood cells

A

imidazole groups of histidine residues in Hb

Body Systems (1 decks)

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