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PHGY209 > BODY FLUIDS - DR. VOLLRATH > Flashcards

BODY FLUIDS - DR. VOLLRATH Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of an unspecialized cell turning into a specialized all called?

A

Cell differentiation

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2
Q

What are the 4 major classes of cells?

A
  1. Muscle cells 2. Neurons 3. Epithelial cells 4. Connective-tissue cells
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3
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle cells and what are hey used to generate?

A

Cardiac, skeletal, smooth muscle; mechanical force

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4
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells attached to and what do they do?

A

Skeleton, produce mvmt of limbs and trunk; skin, ie. produce mvmt of facial expressions. Voluntary mvmt.

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5
Q

What happens when cardiac muscle cells contract? Voluntary or involuntary mvmt?

A

Heart contracts & pumps blood into circulation; involuntary

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6
Q

What do smooth muscle cells make part of; what does their contraction do? Vol. Or invol mvmt?

A

They make part of the walls of different tubes in the body, ie blood vessels, digestive tract, esophagus. Their contraction decreases the diameter or shortens the length of these tubes. Invol.

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7
Q

What is the role of connective-tissue cells?

A

Connect, anchor & support structures of the body

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8
Q

where do we find loose connective tissue?

A

In the loose meshwork of cells and fibers underlying epithelial tissue.

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9
Q

What does dense connective tissue make up?

A

Tendons & ligaments

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10
Q

Name all types of connective tissue

A

Loose, dense, adipose, cartilage, blood, bone. Blood is a fluid connective tissue.

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11
Q

Why is blood considered connective Tissue?

A

Bc it has the same embryonic origin as other connective tissues, and it connects different organs by transporting nutrients, waste and chemical signals.

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12
Q

What is an important role of connective tissue?

A

To form ECM, extracellular matrix.

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13
Q

What does ECM consist of ?

A

Proteins, polysaccharides; in some cases specific minerals.

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14
Q

What are the two functions of extracellular matrix?

A

(1) provide a scaffold for cellular attachments. (2) transmits info, in the form of chemical messengers,to cells in order to help maintain their activity, growth, migration and differentiation

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15
Q

What are types of proteins found in the ECM?

A

Fibers (ex. Collagen fibers, elastin fibers) and non-fibrous proteins which are carbohydrate containing.

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16
Q

What are epithelial cells specialized for?

A

Selective secretion and absorption of ions & organic molecules, protection

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17
Q

What are the different types of epithelial cells according to their shape?

A

Cuboidal Combe shaped), columbalcelonfated ), squamous (flattened), and ciliated

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18
Q

How can epithelia be arranged?

A

In single -cell-thick tissue, simple epithelium; or in numerous layers of cells, stratified epithelium

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19
Q

Where are epithelia located?

A

Surfaces that Cover the body or organs, inner surfaces of the tubular and hollow structures within the body.

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20
Q

Where do epithelial cells rest?

A

On an extracellular protein layer called the basement membrane, which among other functions, anchors the tissue.

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21
Q

The side of the epithelial cell anchored to the basement membrane is called the ___ side; the opposite side, which typically faces the interior (called lumen), is called the ___ side.

A

Basolateral; Apical

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22
Q

What is a body fluid?

A

Watery solution of dissolved substances such as oxygen, nutrients, and wastes. Present within and around all cells of the body, and within blood vessels. It is known as the internal environment.

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23
Q

In which three compartments do body fluids exist?

A

Intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid

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24
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Contained within all the cells of the body, and accounts for about 67% of all the water in the body.

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25
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fluid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended, and accounts for about 7% of total-body water.

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26
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that lies around and between cells (in the space known as interstitium) and makes up for about 26% of total-body water.

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27
Q

What fluids comprise the extracellular fluid of the body?

A

Plasma and Interstitial fluid.

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28
Q

WHy are concentrations of dissolved substances virtually identical in plasma and interstitial fluids?

A

Because the plasma exchanges oxygen, nutrients, wastes with the interstitial fluids as the blood flows through te smallest blood vessels of all parts of the body.

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29
Q

Apart from which exception can we can consider that extracellular fluids have an essentially homogenous composition?

A

Protein concentration, much higher in plasma than in interstitial.

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30
Q

What is an important way in which cells regulate their own activity?

A

Maintaining differences in fluid composition between intra and extra cellular fluid compartments.

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31
Q

What determines which substances can move between compartments? And what accounts for the differences in composition of these different compartments?

A

Barriers; the movement of the substances

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32
Q

What accounts for the profound differences between intra and extra cellular fluid?

A

Plasma membranes that surround each cell

33
Q

What are plasma and interstitial fluids separated by?

A

Walls of blood vessels

34
Q

What makes body water proportion change the most in a person?

A

Body fat percentage. Bc there is very little water in adipose tissue.

35
Q

When do men and women get significant changes in body water proportions and why?

A

At puberty, estrogen causes more body fat to accumulate in breasts and thighs. And testosterone is responsible for increased muscle mass. In this sense, women have a higher body fat percentage which diminishes proportion of body water.

36
Q

Would an elderly person need a higher or lower dose of water soluble drug and why?

A

They would need a lower dosage. Because, in general, age causes muscle mass loss and body fat gain. So body water proportions diminish, meaning concentration would need to be lowered at the same time.

37
Q

Who would need a higher dose of water soluble drugs, a very lean or very fat person?

A

A very lean one, because their water body proportion is higher.

38
Q

What are the different ways our body intakes water?

A

Oral fluid intake, Oral intake as food, Oxydative water from metabolism

39
Q

What are the difference ways our body outtakes water?

A

Insensible outtake (breathing through lungs, evaporation through skin) and Sensible outtake (urine through kidneys, stool)

40
Q

WHich are the obligatory losses of water in our body and how many litres do they account for?

A

The insensible losses (lungs, skin) which make up for roughly 1L of water per day. Then, there are the sensible ones (stool and urine) which make up for about 0.5 L per day. Therefore, even without water intake, you body flushes out 1.5 L per day to stay healthy, which is why water intake is important for a dynamic flow.

41
Q

Which body water outtake is facultative and varies?

A

Urine through kidneys, this can vary with intake.

42
Q

What is evaporative respiration?

A

Loss of pure water through passive evaporation, meaning no energy is required to do so. It varies with relative humidity and ambient temperature. It happens evenly on skin over the whole body, and it is continuous.

43
Q

What’s the difference between evaporative perspiration and sweating?

A

Sweating requires energy and sweat glands (it’s an active secretion). Sweat is not pure water, it contains electrolytes. Sweating happens only where there are sweat glands and a certain amount of heat or exercise are required for it to happen. It still counts as a body water outtake factor.

44
Q

What is the 24h water turnover in an adult vs. In a baby, and what is the cause for this significant difference?

A

Adult = 3-4%, baby = 10%. This is because a baby has a much smaller volume (little body fat, very lean). The smaller volume implies a higher surface to volume ration. Therefore, it is much easier for water molecules to exit through the surface of the baby then it is in a big, voluminous adult. Babies are more susceptible to dehydration, which is why they drink formula/baby milk instead of water.

45
Q

What does a stable water body volume maintain and why is it important?

A

It maintains a normal blood pressure and volume, and normal solute concentrations. This is important for a good distribution of O2 and nutrients to cells in the body through blood flow.

46
Q

What are causes of a negative water balance?

A

Decreased intake, Excessive sweating, Excessive loss in expired air (through lungs), Excessive loss from gut (vomiting and diarrhea), excessive loss from urine (diabetes)

47
Q

What are causes for water intoxication (positive water balance)?

A

Kidney failure and excessive intake, which can cause cells in brain to swell and hemorrhage

48
Q

What are the body’s two major water compartments, and what percentage of body mass do they represent?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) (40%) and Extracellular fluid (ECF) (20%)

49
Q

The ECF compartment is subdivided into which 2 major and 2 minor SUBcompartments?

A

2 Major: Plasma + Interstitial Fluid (ISF); 2 Minor: Lymph + Transcellular Fluid

50
Q

What is plasma?

A

The fluid medium, in which blood cells are suspended. Liquid/Fluid component of blood.

51
Q

What is the Buffy layer of blood composed of?

A

WBC’s and Platelets

52
Q

What is Hematocrit (Ht), and how do you measure it?

A

Percentage of Blood Volume that is occupied by RBC’s. You do (Height of RBC column/Height of whole blood column) x 100%.

53
Q

What is PCV?

A

Packed cell volume, corresponds to Ht

54
Q

Which subcompartment of the ECF is referred to as the true “Milieu Interieur”?

A

Interstitial fluid, because it’s the fluid which percolates between individual cells

55
Q

What are the percentages of ISF and Plasma in total H2O of the body?

A

ISF: 15% total body volume, Plasma 5% total body volume

56
Q

What percentage foes the Lymph Volume take in ECF?

A

1-2%

57
Q

How is the lymphatic system organized?

A

Network of blind-ended terminal tubules, which coalesce to form larger lymphatic vessels, which converge to form lymphatic ducts, which drain into large veins into the chest

58
Q

What is transcellular fluid, what’s an example of it?

A

An aggregate of small fluid volumes secreted by specific cells into a number of body cavities (lined by epithelial cells) and having specialized functions.

59
Q

What are examples of Transcellular Fluid?

A

Intra-ocular, cochlear, cerebro-spinal, pleural and pericardial, synovial, etc.

60
Q

What percentage does Trancellular Fluid take up of ECF?

A

Less than 1-2%. Local changes do not affect body fluid balance. Locally, transcellular fluid plays an important role in function

61
Q

What is the total percentage of H2O in body weight in 70 kg male?
What is the percentage of ICF in total H2O?
What is the percentage of ECF in total H2O?
What is the percentage of ISF in total H2O?
What is the percentage of Plasma in H2O?

A

60%
40%
20%
15%
5%

62
Q

What is the Indicator Dilution procedure?

A
  1. Introduce known quantity (Q) of indicator into vein
  2. Allow time to equilibrate
  3. Remove known volume of blood, and centrifuge to obtain plasma
  4. Measure concentration (c) in unit volume of plasma
  5. Calculate V = Q/c
63
Q

What are characteristics of an efficient indicator choice? What’s an example?

A

Non toxic, Diffuse readily and evenly throughout compartments to be measured, induce no changes in distribution of water between compartments, easy to measure. Ex: Radioactive water: D2O, T2O; Antipyrine

64
Q

Which indicators can be used to measure total ECF and why?

A

INULIN, SUCROSE, MANNITOL. They can cross the capillary wall (so reach ISF and Plasma), but not cell membrane. So with concentration measured from plasma, you get only percentage of ECF.

65
Q

How can you indirectly get the amount of ICF in total body water?

A

Measure Total Body water with an indicator like radioactive water, then Measure ECF using Mannitol for example. SUBSTRACT ECF from TOTAL BODY WATER

66
Q

How can you get the amount of Plasma in total body water?

A

Use Evans Blue or I131-Alnumin which do not cross capillaries.

67
Q

How can you indirectly measure the total amount of ISF in the body?

A

Use Mannitol to get ECF, then Evan’s blue to get Plasma. Substract Plasma from ECF.

68
Q

Complete: Body fluids are essentially ____ solutions of ____ ___ with variable amounts of ______

A

Aqueous; Inorganic Ions; Protein

69
Q

What is the Ionic composition of ICF?

A

High in K+ and Mg++; Low in Na+ and Cl-

70
Q

What is the ionic composition of ECF?

A

HIgh in Na+ and Cl- but low in K+

71
Q

What is the difference in composition between plasma and ISF?

A

More protein anions in plasma than in ISF

72
Q

What is concentration of NaCl in our total body water?

A

0.9%; 9g of NaCl per liter of water

73
Q

What are artificial physiological solutions

A

A substitute for plasma/ISF

74
Q

What are the components for Ringer’s Solution

A

NaCl (8.6 g), KCl (0.3 g), CaCl2 (0.3 g) plus H20 to make up 1L

75
Q

What is a special component we add to Locke-Ringer Solution

A

0.5 grams of dextrose, energy source

76
Q

The viability of cells depends on…

A
  1. Relative constancy of the Internal Environment 2. Exchanges with the internal and external environment
77
Q

Whats the barrier to transport between ICF and ECF

A

Cell (plasma) membrane

78
Q

Whats the barrier to transport between ECF and Plasma, and between plasma and the external environment

A

Capillary wall

PHGY209 (2 decks)

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