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PHGY 209 > Body Fluids > Flashcards

Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The relative constancy of the Milieu Interieur
All functional activities are directed at maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

Milieu Interieur

A

Internal environment remains relatively constant under conditions of health

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3
Q

Body water

A

-most abundant constituent of the body
- large variance of water content person to person (45-75 %)
-where solutes are dissolved and metabolic reactions take place

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4
Q

% of Water in Various Tissues

A

Skin - 70%
Muscle 0 75 %
Heart, Liver, Brain, Kidney - 70-80 %
Bone - 25 %
Fat - 10 %

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5
Q

Body Water proportion of Total body mass

A

Physiological reference individual: 60% water
More adipose tissue: Less than 60 % (45%)
Less adipose tissue: Over 60 % (75%)

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6
Q

If body water content is computed as a fraction of LEAN BODY MASS (excluding FAT) the differences between individuals become…

A

insignificant

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7
Q

Variations in body water with age and sex

A

-Decreases with age
-Male is greater than female

Infants ~ 75% (same in male and female)
Woman ~ 50% (more adipose tissue)
Man ~ 60%
Elderly ~ Less than 50% / 60%

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8
Q

Calculations of Body Water

A

Weight (kg) * % Water (%) = Water content (L)
For standard male: 42 L

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9
Q

Calculations for medication dosing

A

Water-soluble medications
Weight (kg) * % Water (%) = Water content (L)
mg medication (mg) / Water content (mL) = dose

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10
Q

Body water is in “Dynamic Steady State”

A

Between the individual and external environment and internally between compartments

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11
Q

Water Balance Intake

A

Intake (2.7 L)
-Oral Fluid 1.2 L
-Oral intake in food 1.1 L
-Oxidative water from metabolism 0.4 L

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12
Q

Water Balance Output

A

Output (2.7L)

Insensible (Obligatory)
-Lungs 0.4 L
-Skin (passive evaporation) 0.5 L

Sensible (Obligatory)
-Kidneys 0.5 L
-Stool 0.1 L

Facultative: losses vary with intake
-maintain balance with urine
-1.2 L

Sweat

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13
Q

Insensible Perspiration

A

-pure water
-passive evaporation
-from entire skin surface
-continuous and obligatory

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14
Q

Sweating

A

NEITHER OBLIGATORY NOR FACULTATIVE
(but still an output)
-Electrolyte solution
-Active secretion
-Sweat glands
-Activated by heavy work / high temp

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15
Q

Water turnover

A

Adult: 3-4% a day
Infant: ~10% a day

Infant- greater surface area : volume ratio = more passive evaporation

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16
Q

Negative Water Balance

A

Water loss > Water intake
1. Reduced Intake
2. Excessive Loss from Gut
3. Excessive Sweating
4. Excessive Loss in Expired Air
5. Excessive Loss in Urine

17
Q

Water Intoxication

A

Water loss < Water intake
1. Excessive intake
2. Renal system failure

18
Q

Body Water Compartment

A

ICF (Intracellular Fluid):
-2/3
-40% of body mass
~28 L

ECF (Extracellular Fluid)
-1/3
-20% of body mass
~14 L

19
Q

ECF compartment divisions

A

2 Major subcompartments
- Plasma
- ISF (Interstitial fluid)

2 Minor subcompartments
-Lymph
-Transcellular Fluid

Water moves into capillaries becomes plasma and moves out becomes ISF

20
Q

Plasma

A

the fluid medium, in which blood cells are suspended
- 1/3 of the ECF
-5% of body mass
~3.5 L

21
Q

Centrifuged Blood

A

-Plasma ~55%
-Buffy Layer (WBCs and platelets) ~1%
-RBCs ~45%

22
Q

Hematocrit

A

(height of erythrocyte column / height of whole blood column)

Percent of blood occupied by RBCs
Normal value ~45%

23
Q

Interstitial Fluid (ISF)

A

The fluid which percolates between individual cells
- 2/3 of the ECF
-15% of the body mass
~10.5 L

24
Q

Lymphatic System

A

~1-2% of ECF

25
Q

Compartment % of Body Weight

A

Total H20 - 60%

ICF - 40%
ECF -20%
ISF - 15%
Plasma -5%

26
Q

Transcellular fluid

A

Aggregate of small fluid volumes secreted by specific epithelial cells that line some body cavities
Have specialized functions in part of body
~ < 1-2% of ECF
Does not contribute to overall water exchange

27
Q

Methods to Determine Compartment Volumes

A

Direct: volume measurement
Indirect: Indicator dilution method

28
Q

Indicator dilution method

A

V = Q / c

  1. Total quantity of test substance introduced (Q)
  2. Concentration of substance / unit volume of plasma (c)
29
Q

(IDM): Total Body Water measurement

A

-Antipyrine, D2O, or T2OQ
-Can pass through cell membrane and capillary wall

30
Q

(IDM): ECF measurement

A

-inulin, sucrose, mannitol
-Can pass through capillary wall but not cell membrane
-Stays within the ECF (does not pass into cells)

31
Q

(IDM): Plasma measurement

A

-Evans’ Blue (T1824) or I131-Albumin
-Can not pass through capillary wall
-Remains within the capillaries

32
Q

(IDM): ICF and ISF calculations

A

Total Body Water - ECF = ICF
ECF - Plasma = ISF

33
Q

Ionic composition

A

ICF
-High in K+ (and Mg++)
-Low in Na+and Cl-

ECF
-High in Na+and Cl- (0.9 % NaCl)
-Low in in K+

IN ECF
-plasma has proteins anions
-ISF has no proteins
(GRADIENT)

34
Q

Artificial Physiological Solutions

A

substitute for ECF fluids (plasma/ISF)
Physiological Saline = 0.9% NaCl

35
Q

Barriers” to Transport

A

Cell membrane : between ICF and ECF
Capillary wall: between ECF/ISF and plasma

36
Q

Body Fluid Ionic Composition

A

ECF approximated by 0.9 % NaCl
300 mOsm = 6.7 atm ~ 5100 mmHg

PHGY 209 (4 decks)

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